Implement proper exception type hierarchy.

Each built-in exception is now a type, with base type BaseException.
C exceptions are created by passing a pointer to the exception type to
make an instance of.  When raising an exception from the VM, an
instance is created automatically if an exception type is raised (as
opposed to an exception instance).

Exception matching (RT_BINARY_OP_EXCEPTION_MATCH) is now proper.

Handling of parse error changed to match new exceptions.

mp_const_type renamed to mp_type_type for consistency.
diff --git a/py/objlist.c b/py/objlist.c
index 844f9cc..a6fbe4e 100644
--- a/py/objlist.c
+++ b/py/objlist.c
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
         }
 
         default:
-            nlr_jump(mp_obj_new_exception_msg_varg(MP_QSTR_TypeError, "list takes at most 1 argument, %d given", n_args));
+            nlr_jump(mp_obj_new_exception_msg_varg(&mp_type_TypeError, "list takes at most 1 argument, %d given", n_args));
     }
     return NULL;
 }
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
     assert(MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(args[0], &list_type));
     mp_obj_list_t *self = args[0];
     if (self->len == 0) {
-        nlr_jump(mp_obj_new_exception_msg(MP_QSTR_IndexError, "pop from empty list"));
+        nlr_jump(mp_obj_new_exception_msg(&mp_type_IndexError, "pop from empty list"));
     }
     uint index = mp_get_index(self->base.type, self->len, n_args == 1 ? mp_obj_new_int(-1) : args[1]);
     mp_obj_t ret = self->items[index];
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@
     assert(n_args >= 1);
     assert(MP_OBJ_IS_TYPE(args[0], &list_type));
     if (n_args > 1) {
-        nlr_jump(mp_obj_new_exception_msg(MP_QSTR_TypeError,
+        nlr_jump(mp_obj_new_exception_msg(&mp_type_TypeError,
                                           "list.sort takes no positional arguments"));
     }
     mp_obj_list_t *self = args[0];
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@
 };
 
 const mp_obj_type_t list_type = {
-    { &mp_const_type },
+    { &mp_type_type },
     .name = MP_QSTR_list,
     .print = list_print,
     .make_new = list_make_new,
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@
 }
 
 STATIC const mp_obj_type_t list_it_type = {
-    { &mp_const_type },
+    { &mp_type_type },
     .name = MP_QSTR_iterator,
     .iternext = list_it_iternext,
 };