Add arbitrary precision integer support.

Some functionality is still missing (eg and, or, bit shift), and some
things are buggy (eg subtract).
diff --git a/py/mpz.c b/py/mpz.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab049ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/py/mpz.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1009 @@
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "mpconfig.h"
+#include "mpz.h"
+
+#if MICROPY_LONGINT_IMPL == MICROPY_LONGINT_IMPL_MPZ
+
+#define DIG_SIZE (15)
+#define DIG_MASK ((1 << DIG_SIZE) - 1)
+
+/*
+ definition of normalise:
+ ?
+*/
+
+/* compares i with j
+   returns sign(i - j)
+   assumes i, j are normalised
+*/
+int mpn_cmp(const mpz_dig_t *idig, uint ilen, const mpz_dig_t *jdig, uint jlen) {
+    if (ilen < jlen) { return -1; }
+    if (ilen > jlen) { return 1; }
+
+    for (idig += ilen, jdig += ilen; ilen > 0; --ilen) {
+        int cmp = *(--idig) - *(--jdig);
+        if (cmp < 0) { return -1; }
+        if (cmp > 0) { return 1; }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* computes i = j >> n
+   returns number of digits in i
+   assumes enough memory in i; assumes normalised j
+   can have i, j pointing to same memory
+*/
+uint mpn_shr(mpz_dig_t *idig, mpz_dig_t *jdig, uint jlen, uint n) {
+    uint n_whole = n / DIG_SIZE;
+    uint n_part = n % DIG_SIZE;
+
+    if (n_whole >= jlen) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    jdig += n_whole;
+    jlen -= n_whole;
+
+    for (uint i = jlen; i > 0; --i, ++idig, ++jdig) {
+        mpz_dbl_dig_t d = *jdig;
+        if (i > 1)
+            d |= jdig[1] << DIG_SIZE;
+        d >>= n_part;
+        *idig = d & DIG_MASK;
+    }
+
+    if (idig[-1] == 0) {
+        --jlen;
+    }
+
+    return jlen;
+}
+
+/* computes i = j + k
+   returns number of digits in i
+   assumes enough memory in i; assumes normalised j, k; assumes jlen >= klen
+   can have i, j, k pointing to same memory
+*/
+uint mpn_add(mpz_dig_t *idig, const mpz_dig_t *jdig, uint jlen, const mpz_dig_t *kdig, uint klen) {
+    mpz_dig_t *oidig = idig;
+    mpz_dbl_dig_t carry = 0;
+
+    jlen -= klen;
+
+    for (; klen > 0; --klen, ++idig, ++jdig, ++kdig) {
+        carry += *jdig + *kdig;
+        *idig = carry & DIG_MASK;
+        carry >>= DIG_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    for (; jlen > 0; --jlen, ++idig, ++jdig) {
+        carry += *jdig;
+        *idig = carry & DIG_MASK;
+        carry >>= DIG_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    if (carry != 0) {
+        *idig++ = carry;
+    }
+
+    return idig - oidig;
+}
+
+/* computes i = j - k
+   returns number of digits in i
+   assumes enough memory in i; assumes normalised j, k; assumes j >= k
+   can have i, j, k pointing to same memory
+*/
+uint mpn_sub(mpz_dig_t *idig, const mpz_dig_t *jdig, uint jlen, const mpz_dig_t *kdig, uint klen) {
+    mpz_dig_t *oidig = idig;
+    mpz_dbl_dig_signed_t borrow = 0;
+
+    jlen -= klen;
+
+    for (; klen > 0; --klen, ++idig, ++jdig, ++kdig) {
+        borrow += *jdig - *kdig;
+        *idig = borrow & DIG_MASK;
+        borrow >>= DIG_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    for (; jlen > 0; --jlen, ++idig, ++kdig) {
+        borrow += *jdig;
+        *idig = borrow & DIG_MASK;
+        borrow >>= DIG_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    for (--idig; idig >= oidig && *idig == 0; --idig) {
+    }
+
+    return idig + 1 - oidig;
+}
+
+/* computes i = i * d1 + d2
+   returns number of digits in i
+   assumes enough memory in i; assumes normalised i; assumes dmul != 0
+*/
+uint mpn_mul_dig_add_dig(mpz_dig_t *idig, uint ilen, mpz_dig_t dmul, mpz_dig_t dadd) {
+    mpz_dig_t *oidig = idig;
+    mpz_dbl_dig_t carry = dadd;
+
+    for (; ilen > 0; --ilen, ++idig) {
+        carry += *idig * dmul; // will never overflow so long as DIG_SIZE <= WORD_SIZE / 2
+        *idig = carry & DIG_MASK;
+        carry >>= DIG_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    if (carry != 0) {
+        *idig++ = carry;
+    }
+
+    return idig - oidig;
+}
+
+/* computes i = j * k
+   returns number of digits in i
+   assumes enough memory in i; assumes i is zeroed; assumes normalised j, k
+   can have j, k point to same memory
+*/
+uint mpn_mul(mpz_dig_t *idig, mpz_dig_t *jdig, uint jlen, mpz_dig_t *kdig, uint klen) {
+    mpz_dig_t *oidig = idig;
+    uint ilen = 0;
+
+    for (; klen > 0; --klen, ++idig, ++kdig) {
+        mpz_dig_t *id = idig;
+        mpz_dbl_dig_t carry = 0;
+
+        uint jl = jlen;
+        for (mpz_dig_t *jd = jdig; jl > 0; --jl, ++jd, ++id) {
+            carry += *id + *jd * *kdig; // will never overflow so long as DIG_SIZE <= WORD_SIZE / 2
+            *id = carry & DIG_MASK;
+            carry >>= DIG_SIZE;
+        }
+
+        if (carry != 0) {
+            *id++ = carry;
+        }
+
+        ilen = id - oidig;
+    }
+
+    return ilen;
+}
+
+/* natural_div - quo * den + new_num = old_num (ie num is replaced with rem)
+   assumes den != 0
+   assumes num_dig has enough memory to be extended by 1 digit
+   assumes quo_dig has enough memory (as many digits as num)
+   assumes quo_dig is filled with zeros
+   modifies den_dig memory, but restors it to original state at end
+*/
+
+void mpn_div(mpz_dig_t *num_dig, machine_uint_t *num_len, mpz_dig_t *den_dig, machine_uint_t den_len, mpz_dig_t *quo_dig, machine_uint_t *quo_len) {
+    mpz_dig_t *orig_num_dig = num_dig;
+    mpz_dig_t *orig_quo_dig = quo_dig;
+    mpz_dig_t norm_shift = 0;
+    mpz_dbl_dig_t lead_den_digit;
+
+    // handle simple cases
+    {
+        int cmp = mpn_cmp(num_dig, *num_len, den_dig, den_len);
+        if (cmp == 0) {
+            *num_len = 0;
+            quo_dig[0] = 1;
+            *quo_len = 1;
+            return;
+        } else if (cmp < 0) {
+            // numerator remains the same
+            *quo_len = 0;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // count number of leading zeros in leading digit of denominator
+    {
+        mpz_dig_t d = den_dig[den_len - 1];
+        while ((d & (1 << (DIG_SIZE - 1))) == 0) {
+            d <<= 1;
+            ++norm_shift;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // normalise denomenator (leading bit of leading digit is 1)
+    for (mpz_dig_t *den = den_dig, carry = 0; den < den_dig + den_len; ++den) {
+        mpz_dig_t d = *den;
+        *den = ((d << norm_shift) | carry) & DIG_MASK;
+        carry = d >> (DIG_SIZE - norm_shift);
+    }
+
+    // now need to shift numerator by same amount as denominator
+    // first, increase length of numerator in case we need more room to shift
+    num_dig[*num_len] = 0;
+    ++(*num_len);
+    for (mpz_dig_t *num = num_dig, carry = 0; num < num_dig + *num_len; ++num) {
+        mpz_dig_t n = *num;
+        *num = ((n << norm_shift) | carry) & DIG_MASK;
+        carry = n >> (DIG_SIZE - norm_shift);
+    }
+
+    // cache the leading digit of the denominator
+    lead_den_digit = den_dig[den_len - 1];
+
+    // point num_dig to last digit in numerator
+    num_dig += *num_len - 1;
+
+    // calculate number of digits in quotient
+    *quo_len = *num_len - den_len;
+
+    // point to last digit to store for quotient
+    quo_dig += *quo_len - 1;
+
+    // keep going while we have enough digits to divide
+    while (*num_len > den_len) {
+        mpz_dbl_dig_t quo = (*num_dig << DIG_SIZE) | num_dig[-1];
+
+        // get approximate quotient
+        quo /= lead_den_digit;
+
+        // multiply quo by den and subtract from num get remainder
+        {
+            mpz_dbl_dig_signed_t borrow = 0;
+
+            for (mpz_dig_t *n = num_dig - den_len, *d = den_dig; n < num_dig; ++n, ++d) {
+                borrow += *n - quo * *d; // will overflow if DIG_SIZE >= 16
+                *n = borrow & DIG_MASK;
+                borrow >>= DIG_SIZE;
+            }
+            borrow += *num_dig; // will overflow if DIG_SIZE >= 16
+            *num_dig = borrow & DIG_MASK;
+            borrow >>= DIG_SIZE;
+
+            // adjust quotient if it is too big
+            for (; borrow != 0; --quo) {
+                mpz_dbl_dig_t carry = 0;
+                for (mpz_dig_t *n = num_dig - den_len, *d = den_dig; n < num_dig; ++n, ++d) {
+                    carry += *n + *d;
+                    *n = carry & DIG_MASK;
+                    carry >>= DIG_SIZE;
+                }
+                carry += *num_dig;
+                *num_dig = carry & DIG_MASK;
+                carry >>= DIG_SIZE;
+
+                borrow += carry;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // store this digit of the quotient
+        *quo_dig = quo & DIG_MASK;
+        --quo_dig;
+
+        // move down to next digit of numerator
+        --num_dig;
+        --(*num_len);
+    }
+
+    // unnormalise denomenator
+    for (mpz_dig_t *den = den_dig + den_len - 1, carry = 0; den >= den_dig; --den) {
+        mpz_dig_t d = *den;
+        *den = ((d >> norm_shift) | carry) & DIG_MASK;
+        carry = d << (DIG_SIZE - norm_shift);
+    }
+
+    // unnormalise numerator (remainder now)
+    for (mpz_dig_t *num = orig_num_dig + *num_len - 1, carry = 0; num >= orig_num_dig; --num) {
+        mpz_dig_t n = *num;
+        *num = ((n >> norm_shift) | carry) & DIG_MASK;
+        carry = n << (DIG_SIZE - norm_shift);
+    }
+
+    // strip trailing zeros
+
+    while (*quo_len > 0 && orig_quo_dig[*quo_len - 1] == 0) {
+        --(*quo_len);
+    }
+
+    while (*num_len > 0 && orig_num_dig[*num_len - 1] == 0) {
+        --(*num_len);
+    }
+}
+
+#define MIN_ALLOC (4)
+#define ALIGN_ALLOC (2)
+#define NUM_DIG_FOR_INT (sizeof(int) * 8 / DIG_SIZE + 1)
+
+static const uint log_base2_floor[] = {
+    0,
+    0, 1, 1, 2,
+    2, 2, 2, 3,
+    3, 3, 3, 3,
+    3, 3, 3, 4,
+    4, 4, 4, 4,
+    4, 4, 4, 4,
+    4, 4, 4, 4,
+    4, 4, 4, 5
+};
+
+bool mpz_int_is_sml_int(int i) {
+    return -(1 << DIG_SIZE) < i && i < (1 << DIG_SIZE);
+}
+
+void mpz_init_zero(mpz_t *z) {
+    z->alloc = 0;
+    z->neg = 0;
+    z->len = 0;
+    z->dig = NULL;
+}
+
+void mpz_init_from_int(mpz_t *z, machine_int_t val) {
+    mpz_init_zero(z);
+    mpz_set_from_int(z, val);
+}
+
+void mpz_deinit(mpz_t *z) {
+    if (z != NULL) {
+        m_del(mpz_dig_t, z->dig, z->alloc);
+    }
+}
+
+mpz_t *mpz_zero(void) {
+    mpz_t *z = m_new_obj(mpz_t);
+    mpz_init_zero(z);
+    return z;
+}
+
+mpz_t *mpz_from_int(machine_int_t val) {
+    mpz_t *z = mpz_zero();
+    mpz_set_from_int(z, val);
+    return z;
+}
+
+mpz_t *mpz_from_str(const char *str, uint len, bool neg, uint base) {
+    mpz_t *z = mpz_zero();
+    mpz_set_from_str(z, str, len, neg, base);
+    return z;
+}
+
+void mpz_free(mpz_t *z) {
+    if (z != NULL) {
+        m_del(mpz_dig_t, z->dig, z->alloc);
+        m_del_obj(mpz_t, z);
+    }
+}
+
+STATIC void mpz_need_dig(mpz_t *z, uint need) {
+    uint alloc;
+    if (need < MIN_ALLOC) {
+        alloc = MIN_ALLOC;
+    } else {
+        alloc = (need + ALIGN_ALLOC) & (~(ALIGN_ALLOC - 1));
+    }
+
+    if (z->dig == NULL || z->alloc < alloc) {
+        z->dig = m_renew(mpz_dig_t, z->dig, z->alloc, alloc);
+        z->alloc = alloc;
+    }
+}
+
+mpz_t *mpz_clone(const mpz_t *src) {
+    mpz_t *z = m_new_obj(mpz_t);
+    z->alloc = src->alloc;
+    z->neg = src->neg;
+    z->len = src->len;
+    if (src->dig == NULL) {
+        z->dig = NULL;
+    } else {
+        z->dig = m_new(mpz_dig_t, z->alloc);
+        memcpy(z->dig, src->dig, src->alloc * sizeof(mpz_dig_t));
+    }
+    return z;
+}
+
+void mpz_set(mpz_t *dest, const mpz_t *src) {
+    mpz_need_dig(dest, src->len);
+    dest->neg = src->neg;
+    dest->len = src->len;
+    memcpy(dest->dig, src->dig, src->len * sizeof(mpz_dig_t));
+}
+
+void mpz_set_from_int(mpz_t *z, machine_int_t val) {
+    mpz_need_dig(z, NUM_DIG_FOR_INT);
+
+    if (val < 0) {
+        z->neg = 1;
+        val = -val;
+    } else {
+        z->neg = 0;
+    }
+
+    z->len = 0;
+    while (val > 0) {
+        z->dig[z->len++] = val & DIG_MASK;
+        val >>= DIG_SIZE;
+    }
+}
+
+// returns number of bytes from str that were processed
+uint mpz_set_from_str(mpz_t *z, const char *str, uint len, bool neg, uint base) {
+    assert(base < 36);
+
+    const char *cur = str;
+    const char *top = str + len;
+
+    mpz_need_dig(z, len * 8 / DIG_SIZE + 1);
+
+    if (neg) {
+        z->neg = 1;
+    } else {
+        z->neg = 0;
+    }
+
+    z->len = 0;
+    for (; cur < top; ++cur) { // XXX UTF8 next char
+        //uint v = char_to_numeric(cur#); // XXX UTF8 get char
+        uint v = *cur;
+        if ('0' <= v && v <= '9') {
+            v -= '0';
+        } else if ('A' <= v && v <= 'Z') {
+            v -= 'A' - 10;
+        } else if ('a' <= v && v <= 'z') {
+            v -= 'a' - 10;
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (v >= base) {
+            break;
+        }
+        z->len = mpn_mul_dig_add_dig(z->dig, z->len, base, v);
+    }
+
+    return cur - str;
+}
+
+bool mpz_is_zero(const mpz_t *z) {
+    return z->len == 0;
+}
+
+bool mpz_is_pos(const mpz_t *z) {
+    return z->len > 0 && z->neg == 0;
+}
+
+bool mpz_is_neg(const mpz_t *z) {
+    return z->len > 0 && z->neg != 0;
+}
+
+bool mpz_is_odd(const mpz_t *z) {
+    return z->len > 0 && (z->dig[0] & 1) != 0;
+}
+
+bool mpz_is_even(const mpz_t *z) {
+    return z->len == 0 || (z->dig[0] & 1) == 0;
+}
+
+int mpz_cmp(const mpz_t *z1, const mpz_t *z2) {
+    int cmp = z2->neg - z1->neg;
+    if (cmp != 0) {
+        return cmp;
+    }
+    cmp = mpn_cmp(z1->dig, z1->len, z2->dig, z2->len);
+    if (z1->neg != 0) {
+        cmp = -cmp;
+    }
+    return cmp;
+}
+
+int mpz_cmp_sml_int(const mpz_t *z, int sml_int) {
+    int cmp;
+    if (z->neg == 0) {
+        if (sml_int < 0) return 1;
+        if (sml_int == 0) {
+            if (z->len == 0) return 0;
+            return 1;
+        }
+        if (z->len == 0) return -1;
+        assert(sml_int < (1 << DIG_SIZE));
+        if (z->len != 1) return 1;
+        cmp = z->dig[0] - sml_int;
+    } else {
+        if (sml_int > 0) return -1;
+        if (sml_int == 0) {
+            if (z->len == 0) return 0;
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (z->len == 0) return 1;
+        assert(sml_int > -(1 << DIG_SIZE));
+        if (z->len != 1) return -1;
+        cmp = -z->dig[0] - sml_int;
+    }
+    if (cmp < 0) return -1;
+    if (cmp > 0) return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* not finished
+mpz_t *mpz_shl(mpz_t *dest, const mpz_t *lhs, int rhs)
+{
+    if (dest != lhs)
+        dest = mpz_set(dest, lhs);
+
+    if (dest.len == 0 || rhs == 0)
+        return dest;
+
+    if (rhs < 0)
+        return mpz_shr(dest, dest, -rhs);
+
+    printf("mpz_shl: not implemented\n");
+
+    return dest;
+}
+
+mpz_t *mpz_shr(mpz_t *dest, const mpz_t *lhs, int rhs)
+{
+    if (dest != lhs)
+        dest = mpz_set(dest, lhs);
+
+    if (dest.len == 0 || rhs == 0)
+        return dest;
+
+    if (rhs < 0)
+        return mpz_shl(dest, dest, -rhs);
+
+    dest.len = mpn_shr(dest.len, dest.dig, rhs);
+    dest.dig[dest.len .. dest->alloc] = 0;
+
+    return dest;
+}
+*/
+
+
+#if 0
+these functions are unused
+
+/* returns abs(z)
+*/
+mpz_t *mpz_abs(const mpz_t *z) {
+    mpz_t *z2 = mpz_clone(z);
+    z2->neg = 0;
+    return z2;
+}
+
+/* returns -z
+*/
+mpz_t *mpz_neg(const mpz_t *z) {
+    mpz_t *z2 = mpz_clone(z);
+    z2->neg = 1 - z2->neg;
+    return z2;
+}
+
+/* returns lhs + rhs
+   can have lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+mpz_t *mpz_add(const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs) {
+    mpz_t *z = mpz_zero();
+    mpz_add_inpl(z, lhs, rhs);
+    return z;
+}
+
+/* returns lhs - rhs
+   can have lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+mpz_t *mpz_sub(const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs) {
+    mpz_t *z = mpz_zero();
+    mpz_sub_inpl(z, lhs, rhs);
+    return z;
+}
+
+/* returns lhs * rhs
+   can have lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+mpz_t *mpz_mul(const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs) {
+    mpz_t *z = mpz_zero();
+    mpz_mul_inpl(z, lhs, rhs);
+    return z;
+}
+
+/* returns lhs ** rhs
+   can have lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+mpz_t *mpz_pow(const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs) {
+    mpz_t *z = mpz_zero();
+    mpz_pow_inpl(z, lhs, rhs);
+    return z;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* computes dest = abs(z)
+   can have dest, z the same
+*/
+void mpz_abs_inpl(mpz_t *dest, const mpz_t *z) {
+    if (dest != z) {
+        mpz_set(dest, z);
+    }
+    dest->neg = 0;
+}
+
+/* computes dest = -z
+   can have dest, z the same
+*/
+void mpz_neg_inpl(mpz_t *dest, const mpz_t *z) {
+    if (dest != z) {
+        mpz_set(dest, z);
+    }
+    dest->neg = 1 - dest->neg;
+}
+
+/* computes dest = lhs + rhs
+   can have dest, lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+void mpz_add_inpl(mpz_t *dest, const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs) {
+    if (mpn_cmp(lhs->dig, lhs->len, rhs->dig, rhs->len) < 0) {
+        const mpz_t *temp = lhs;
+        lhs = rhs;
+        rhs = temp;
+    }
+
+    if (lhs->neg == rhs->neg) {
+        mpz_need_dig(dest, lhs->len + 1);
+        dest->len = mpn_add(dest->dig, lhs->dig, lhs->len, rhs->dig, rhs->len);
+    } else {
+        mpz_need_dig(dest, lhs->len);
+        dest->len = mpn_sub(dest->dig, lhs->dig, lhs->len, rhs->dig, rhs->len);
+    }
+
+    dest->neg = lhs->neg;
+}
+
+/* computes dest = lhs - rhs
+   can have dest, lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+void mpz_sub_inpl(mpz_t *dest, const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs) {
+    bool neg = false;
+
+    if (mpn_cmp(lhs->dig, lhs->len, rhs->dig, rhs->len) < 0) {
+        const mpz_t *temp = lhs;
+        lhs = rhs;
+        rhs = temp;
+        neg = true;
+    }
+
+    if (lhs->neg != rhs->neg) {
+        mpz_need_dig(dest, lhs->len + 1);
+        dest->len = mpn_add(dest->dig, lhs->dig, lhs->len, rhs->dig, rhs->len);
+    } else {
+        mpz_need_dig(dest, lhs->len);
+        dest->len = mpn_sub(dest->dig, lhs->dig, lhs->len, rhs->dig, rhs->len);
+    }
+
+    if (neg) {
+        dest->neg = 1 - lhs->neg;
+    } else {
+        dest->neg = lhs->neg;
+    }
+}
+
+/* computes dest = lhs * rhs
+   can have dest, lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+void mpz_mul_inpl(mpz_t *dest, const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs)
+{
+    if (lhs->len == 0 || rhs->len == 0) {
+        return mpz_set_from_int(dest, 0);
+    }
+
+    mpz_t *temp = NULL;
+    if (lhs == dest) {
+        lhs = temp = mpz_clone(lhs);
+        if (rhs == dest) {
+            rhs = lhs;
+        }
+    } else if (rhs == dest) {
+        rhs = temp = mpz_clone(rhs);
+    }
+
+    mpz_need_dig(dest, lhs->len + rhs->len); // min mem l+r-1, max mem l+r
+    memset(dest->dig, 0, dest->alloc * sizeof(mpz_dig_t));
+    dest->len = mpn_mul(dest->dig, lhs->dig, lhs->len, rhs->dig, rhs->len);
+
+    if (lhs->neg == rhs->neg) {
+        dest->neg = 0;
+    } else {
+        dest->neg = 1;
+    }
+
+    mpz_free(temp);
+}
+
+/* computes dest = lhs ** rhs
+   can have dest, lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+void mpz_pow_inpl(mpz_t *dest, const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs) {
+    if (lhs->len == 0 || rhs->neg != 0) {
+        return mpz_set_from_int(dest, 0);
+    }
+
+    if (rhs->len == 0) {
+        return mpz_set_from_int(dest, 1);
+    }
+
+    mpz_t *x = mpz_clone(lhs);
+    mpz_t *n = mpz_clone(rhs);
+
+    mpz_set_from_int(dest, 1);
+
+    while (n->len > 0) {
+        if (mpz_is_odd(n)) {
+            mpz_mul_inpl(dest, dest, x);
+        }
+        mpz_mul_inpl(x, x, x);
+        n->len = mpn_shr(n->dig, n->dig, n->len, 1);
+    }
+
+    mpz_free(x);
+    mpz_free(n);
+}
+
+/* computes gcd(z1, z2)
+   based on Knuth's modified gcd algorithm (I think?)
+   gcd(z1, z2) >= 0
+   gcd(0, 0) = 0
+   gcd(z, 0) = abs(z)
+*/
+mpz_t *mpz_gcd(const mpz_t *z1, const mpz_t *z2) {
+    if (z1->len == 0) {
+        mpz_t *a = mpz_clone(z2);
+        a->neg = 0;
+        return a;
+    } else if (z2->len == 0) {
+        mpz_t *a = mpz_clone(z1);
+        a->neg = 0;
+        return a;
+    }
+
+    mpz_t *a = mpz_clone(z1);
+    mpz_t *b = mpz_clone(z2);
+    mpz_t c; mpz_init_zero(&c);
+    a->neg = 0;
+    b->neg = 0;
+
+    for (;;) {
+        if (mpz_cmp(a, b) < 0) {
+            if (a->len == 0) {
+                mpz_free(a);
+                mpz_deinit(&c);
+                return b;
+            }
+            mpz_t *t = a; a = b; b = t;
+        }
+        if (!(b->len >= 2 || (b->len == 1 && b->dig[0] > 1))) { // compute b > 0; could be mpz_cmp_small_int(b, 1) > 0
+            break;
+        }
+        mpz_set(&c, b);
+        do {
+            mpz_add_inpl(&c, &c, &c);
+        } while (mpz_cmp(&c, a) <= 0);
+        c.len = mpn_shr(c.dig, c.dig, c.len, 1);
+        mpz_sub_inpl(a, a, &c);
+    }
+
+    mpz_deinit(&c);
+
+    if (b->len == 1 && b->dig[0] == 1) { // compute b == 1; could be mpz_cmp_small_int(b, 1) == 0
+        mpz_free(a);
+        return b;
+    } else {
+        mpz_free(b);
+        return a;
+    }
+}
+
+/* computes lcm(z1, z2)
+     = abs(z1) / gcd(z1, z2) * abs(z2)
+  lcm(z1, z1) >= 0
+  lcm(0, 0) = 0
+  lcm(z, 0) = 0
+*/
+mpz_t *mpz_lcm(const mpz_t *z1, const mpz_t *z2)
+{
+    if (z1->len == 0 || z2->len == 0)
+        return mpz_zero();
+
+    mpz_t *gcd = mpz_gcd(z1, z2);
+    mpz_t *quo = mpz_zero();
+    mpz_t *rem = mpz_zero();
+    mpz_divmod_inpl(quo, rem, z1, gcd);
+    mpz_mul_inpl(rem, quo, z2);
+    mpz_free(gcd);
+    mpz_free(quo);
+    rem->neg = 0;
+    return rem;
+}
+
+/* computes new integers in quo and rem such that:
+       quo * rhs + rem = lhs
+       0 <= rem < rhs
+   can have lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+void mpz_divmod(const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs, mpz_t **quo, mpz_t **rem) {
+    *quo = mpz_zero();
+    *rem = mpz_zero();
+    mpz_divmod_inpl(*quo, *rem, lhs, rhs);
+}
+
+/* computes new integers in quo and rem such that:
+       quo * rhs + rem = lhs
+       0 <= rem < rhs
+   can have lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+void mpz_divmod_inpl(mpz_t *dest_quo, mpz_t *dest_rem, const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs) {
+    if (rhs->len == 0) {
+        mpz_set_from_int(dest_quo, 0);
+        mpz_set_from_int(dest_rem, 0);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    mpz_need_dig(dest_quo, lhs->len + 1); // +1 necessary?
+    memset(dest_quo->dig, 0, (lhs->len + 1) * sizeof(mpz_dig_t));
+    dest_quo->len = 0;
+    mpz_need_dig(dest_rem, lhs->len + 1); // +1 necessary?
+    mpz_set(dest_rem, lhs);
+    //rhs->dig[rhs->len] = 0;
+    mpn_div(dest_rem->dig, &dest_rem->len, rhs->dig, rhs->len, dest_quo->dig, &dest_quo->len);
+
+    if (lhs->neg != rhs->neg) {
+        dest_quo->neg = 1;
+    }
+}
+
+#if 0
+these functions are unused
+
+/* computes floor(lhs / rhs)
+   can have lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+mpz_t *mpz_div(const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs) {
+    mpz_t *quo = mpz_zero();
+    mpz_t rem; mpz_init_zero(&rem);
+    mpz_divmod_inpl(quo, &rem, lhs, rhs);
+    mpz_deinit(&rem);
+    return quo;
+}
+
+/* computes lhs % rhs ( >= 0)
+   can have lhs, rhs the same
+*/
+mpz_t *mpz_mod(const mpz_t *lhs, const mpz_t *rhs) {
+    mpz_t quo; mpz_init_zero(&quo);
+    mpz_t *rem = mpz_zero();
+    mpz_divmod_inpl(&quo, rem, lhs, rhs);
+    mpz_deinit(&quo);
+    return rem;
+}
+#endif
+
+int mpz_as_int(const mpz_t *i) {
+    int val = 0;
+    mpz_dig_t *d = i->dig + i->len;
+
+    while (--d >= i->dig)
+    {
+        int oldval = val;
+        val = (val << DIG_SIZE) | *d;
+        if (val < oldval)
+        {
+            if (i->neg == 0) {
+                return 0x7fffffff;
+            } else {
+                return 0x80000000;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (i->neg != 0) {
+        val = -val;
+    }
+
+    return val;
+}
+
+machine_float_t mpz_as_float(const mpz_t *i) {
+    machine_float_t val = 0;
+    mpz_dig_t *d = i->dig + i->len;
+
+    while (--d >= i->dig) {
+        val = val * (1 << DIG_SIZE) + *d;
+    }
+
+    if (i->neg != 0) {
+        val = -val;
+    }
+
+    return val;
+}
+
+uint mpz_as_str_size(const mpz_t *i, uint base) {
+    if (base < 2 || base > 32) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    return i->len * DIG_SIZE / log_base2_floor[base] + 2 + 1; // +1 for null byte termination
+}
+
+char *mpz_as_str(const mpz_t *i, uint base) {
+    char *s = m_new(char, mpz_as_str_size(i, base));
+    mpz_as_str_inpl(i, base, s);
+    return s;
+}
+
+// assumes enough space as calculated by mpz_as_str_size
+// returns length of string, not including null byte
+uint mpz_as_str_inpl(const mpz_t *i, uint base, char *str) {
+    if (str == NULL || base < 2 || base > 32) {
+        str[0] = 0;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    uint ilen = i->len;
+
+    if (ilen == 0) {
+        str[0] = '0';
+        str[1] = 0;
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // make a copy of mpz digits
+    mpz_dig_t *dig = m_new(mpz_dig_t, ilen);
+    memcpy(dig, i->dig, ilen * sizeof(mpz_dig_t));
+
+    // convert
+    char *s = str;
+    bool done;
+    do {
+        mpz_dig_t *d = dig + ilen;
+        mpz_dbl_dig_t a = 0;
+
+        // compute next remainder
+        while (--d >= dig) {
+            a = (a << DIG_SIZE) | *d;
+            *d = a / base;
+            a %= base;
+        }
+
+        // convert to character
+        a += '0';
+        if (a > '9') {
+            a += 'a' - '9' - 1;
+        }
+        *s++ = a;
+
+        // check if number is zero
+        done = true;
+        for (d = dig; d < dig + ilen; ++d) {
+            if (*d != 0) {
+                done = false;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    } while (!done);
+
+    if (i->neg != 0) {
+        *s++ = '-';
+    }
+
+    // reverse string
+    for (char *u = str, *v = s - 1; u < v; ++u, --v) {
+        char temp = *u;
+        *u = *v;
+        *v = temp;
+    }
+
+    s[0] = 0; // null termination
+
+    return s - str;
+}
+
+#endif // MICROPY_LONGINT_IMPL == MICROPY_LONGINT_IMPL_MPZ