aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/scripts/qapi/common.py
blob: c327ae5036a130e6e1d65eff2f0c55538d301771 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
#
# QAPI helper library
#
# Copyright IBM, Corp. 2011
# Copyright (c) 2013-2018 Red Hat Inc.
#
# Authors:
#  Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
#  Markus Armbruster <armbru@redhat.com>
#
# This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.
# See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.

from __future__ import print_function
from contextlib import contextmanager
import errno
import os
import re
import string
import sys
from collections import OrderedDict

builtin_types = {
    'null':     'QTYPE_QNULL',
    'str':      'QTYPE_QSTRING',
    'int':      'QTYPE_QNUM',
    'number':   'QTYPE_QNUM',
    'bool':     'QTYPE_QBOOL',
    'int8':     'QTYPE_QNUM',
    'int16':    'QTYPE_QNUM',
    'int32':    'QTYPE_QNUM',
    'int64':    'QTYPE_QNUM',
    'uint8':    'QTYPE_QNUM',
    'uint16':   'QTYPE_QNUM',
    'uint32':   'QTYPE_QNUM',
    'uint64':   'QTYPE_QNUM',
    'size':     'QTYPE_QNUM',
    'any':      None,           # any QType possible, actually
    'QType':    'QTYPE_QSTRING',
}

# Are documentation comments required?
doc_required = False

# Whitelist of commands allowed to return a non-dictionary
returns_whitelist = []

# Whitelist of entities allowed to violate case conventions
name_case_whitelist = []

enum_types = {}
struct_types = {}
union_types = {}
all_names = {}

#
# Parsing the schema into expressions
#


def error_path(parent):
    res = ''
    while parent:
        res = ('In file included from %s:%d:\n' % (parent['file'],
                                                   parent['line'])) + res
        parent = parent['parent']
    return res


class QAPIError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, fname, line, col, incl_info, msg):
        Exception.__init__(self)
        self.fname = fname
        self.line = line
        self.col = col
        self.info = incl_info
        self.msg = msg

    def __str__(self):
        loc = '%s:%d' % (self.fname, self.line)
        if self.col is not None:
            loc += ':%s' % self.col
        return error_path(self.info) + '%s: %s' % (loc, self.msg)


class QAPIParseError(QAPIError):
    def __init__(self, parser, msg):
        col = 1
        for ch in parser.src[parser.line_pos:parser.pos]:
            if ch == '\t':
                col = (col + 7) % 8 + 1
            else:
                col += 1
        QAPIError.__init__(self, parser.fname, parser.line, col,
                           parser.incl_info, msg)


class QAPISemError(QAPIError):
    def __init__(self, info, msg):
        QAPIError.__init__(self, info['file'], info['line'], None,
                           info['parent'], msg)


class QAPIDoc(object):
    class Section(object):
        def __init__(self, name=None):
            # optional section name (argument/member or section name)
            self.name = name
            # the list of lines for this section
            self.text = ''

        def append(self, line):
            self.text += line.rstrip() + '\n'

    class ArgSection(Section):
        def __init__(self, name):
            QAPIDoc.Section.__init__(self, name)
            self.member = None

        def connect(self, member):
            self.member = member

    def __init__(self, parser, info):
        # self._parser is used to report errors with QAPIParseError.  The
        # resulting error position depends on the state of the parser.
        # It happens to be the beginning of the comment.  More or less
        # servicable, but action at a distance.
        self._parser = parser
        self.info = info
        self.symbol = None
        self.body = QAPIDoc.Section()
        # dict mapping parameter name to ArgSection
        self.args = OrderedDict()
        # a list of Section
        self.sections = []
        # the current section
        self._section = self.body

    def has_section(self, name):
        """Return True if we have a section with this name."""
        for i in self.sections:
            if i.name == name:
                return True
        return False

    def append(self, line):
        """Parse a comment line and add it to the documentation."""
        line = line[1:]
        if not line:
            self._append_freeform(line)
            return

        if line[0] != ' ':
            raise QAPIParseError(self._parser, "Missing space after #")
        line = line[1:]

        # FIXME not nice: things like '#  @foo:' and '# @foo: ' aren't
        # recognized, and get silently treated as ordinary text
        if self.symbol:
            self._append_symbol_line(line)
        elif not self.body.text and line.startswith('@'):
            if not line.endswith(':'):
                raise QAPIParseError(self._parser, "Line should end with :")
            self.symbol = line[1:-1]
            # FIXME invalid names other than the empty string aren't flagged
            if not self.symbol:
                raise QAPIParseError(self._parser, "Invalid name")
        else:
            self._append_freeform(line)

    def end_comment(self):
        self._end_section()

    def _append_symbol_line(self, line):
        name = line.split(' ', 1)[0]

        if name.startswith('@') and name.endswith(':'):
            line = line[len(name)+1:]
            self._start_args_section(name[1:-1])
        elif name in ('Returns:', 'Since:',
                      # those are often singular or plural
                      'Note:', 'Notes:',
                      'Example:', 'Examples:',
                      'TODO:'):
            line = line[len(name)+1:]
            self._start_section(name[:-1])

        self._append_freeform(line)

    def _start_args_section(self, name):
        # FIXME invalid names other than the empty string aren't flagged
        if not name:
            raise QAPIParseError(self._parser, "Invalid parameter name")
        if name in self.args:
            raise QAPIParseError(self._parser,
                                 "'%s' parameter name duplicated" % name)
        if self.sections:
            raise QAPIParseError(self._parser,
                                 "'@%s:' can't follow '%s' section"
                                 % (name, self.sections[0].name))
        self._end_section()
        self._section = QAPIDoc.ArgSection(name)
        self.args[name] = self._section

    def _start_section(self, name=None):
        if name in ('Returns', 'Since') and self.has_section(name):
            raise QAPIParseError(self._parser,
                                 "Duplicated '%s' section" % name)
        self._end_section()
        self._section = QAPIDoc.Section(name)
        self.sections.append(self._section)

    def _end_section(self):
        if self._section:
            text = self._section.text = self._section.text.strip()
            if self._section.name and (not text or text.isspace()):
                raise QAPIParseError(self._parser, "Empty doc section '%s'"
                                     % self._section.name)
            self._section = None

    def _append_freeform(self, line):
        in_arg = isinstance(self._section, QAPIDoc.ArgSection)
        if (in_arg and self._section.text.endswith('\n\n')
                and line and not line[0].isspace()):
            self._start_section()
        if (in_arg or not self._section.name
                or not self._section.name.startswith('Example')):
            line = line.strip()
        match = re.match(r'(@\S+:)', line)
        if match:
            raise QAPIParseError(self._parser,
                                 "'%s' not allowed in free-form documentation"
                                 % match.group(1))
        self._section.append(line)

    def connect_member(self, member):
        if member.name not in self.args:
            # Undocumented TODO outlaw
            self.args[member.name] = QAPIDoc.ArgSection(member.name)
        self.args[member.name].connect(member)

    def check_expr(self, expr):
        if self.has_section('Returns') and 'command' not in expr:
            raise QAPISemError(self.info,
                               "'Returns:' is only valid for commands")

    def check(self):
        bogus = [name for name, section in self.args.items()
                 if not section.member]
        if bogus:
            raise QAPISemError(
                self.info,
                "The following documented members are not in "
                "the declaration: %s" % ", ".join(bogus))


class QAPISchemaParser(object):

    def __init__(self, fp, previously_included=[], incl_info=None):
        self.fname = fp.name
        previously_included.append(os.path.abspath(fp.name))
        self.incl_info = incl_info
        self.src = fp.read()
        if self.src == '' or self.src[-1] != '\n':
            self.src += '\n'
        self.cursor = 0
        self.line = 1
        self.line_pos = 0
        self.exprs = []
        self.docs = []
        self.accept()
        cur_doc = None

        while self.tok is not None:
            info = {'file': self.fname, 'line': self.line,
                    'parent': self.incl_info}
            if self.tok == '#':
                self.reject_expr_doc(cur_doc)
                cur_doc = self.get_doc(info)
                self.docs.append(cur_doc)
                continue

            expr = self.get_expr(False)
            if 'include' in expr:
                self.reject_expr_doc(cur_doc)
                if len(expr) != 1:
                    raise QAPISemError(info, "Invalid 'include' directive")
                include = expr['include']
                if not isinstance(include, str):
                    raise QAPISemError(info,
                                       "Value of 'include' must be a string")
                incl_fname = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(self.fname),
                                          include)
                self.exprs.append({'expr': {'include': incl_fname},
                                   'info': info})
                exprs_include = self._include(include, info, incl_fname,
                                              previously_included)
                if exprs_include:
                    self.exprs.extend(exprs_include.exprs)
                    self.docs.extend(exprs_include.docs)
            elif "pragma" in expr:
                self.reject_expr_doc(cur_doc)
                if len(expr) != 1:
                    raise QAPISemError(info, "Invalid 'pragma' directive")
                pragma = expr['pragma']
                if not isinstance(pragma, dict):
                    raise QAPISemError(
                        info, "Value of 'pragma' must be a dictionary")
                for name, value in pragma.items():
                    self._pragma(name, value, info)
            else:
                expr_elem = {'expr': expr,
                             'info': info}
                if cur_doc:
                    if not cur_doc.symbol:
                        raise QAPISemError(
                            cur_doc.info, "Expression documentation required")
                    expr_elem['doc'] = cur_doc
                self.exprs.append(expr_elem)
            cur_doc = None
        self.reject_expr_doc(cur_doc)

    @staticmethod
    def reject_expr_doc(doc):
        if doc and doc.symbol:
            raise QAPISemError(
                doc.info,
                "Documentation for '%s' is not followed by the definition"
                % doc.symbol)

    def _include(self, include, info, incl_fname, previously_included):
        incl_abs_fname = os.path.abspath(incl_fname)
        # catch inclusion cycle
        inf = info
        while inf:
            if incl_abs_fname == os.path.abspath(inf['file']):
                raise QAPISemError(info, "Inclusion loop for %s" % include)
            inf = inf['parent']

        # skip multiple include of the same file
        if incl_abs_fname in previously_included:
            return None

        try:
            if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
                fobj = open(incl_fname, 'r', encoding='utf-8')
            else:
                fobj = open(incl_fname, 'r')
        except IOError as e:
            raise QAPISemError(info, '%s: %s' % (e.strerror, incl_fname))
        return QAPISchemaParser(fobj, previously_included, info)

    def _pragma(self, name, value, info):
        global doc_required, returns_whitelist, name_case_whitelist
        if name == 'doc-required':
            if not isinstance(value, bool):
                raise QAPISemError(info,
                                   "Pragma 'doc-required' must be boolean")
            doc_required = value
        elif name == 'returns-whitelist':
            if (not isinstance(value, list)
                    or any([not isinstance(elt, str) for elt in value])):
                raise QAPISemError(info,
                                   "Pragma returns-whitelist must be"
                                   " a list of strings")
            returns_whitelist = value
        elif name == 'name-case-whitelist':
            if (not isinstance(value, list)
                    or any([not isinstance(elt, str) for elt in value])):
                raise QAPISemError(info,
                                   "Pragma name-case-whitelist must be"
                                   " a list of strings")
            name_case_whitelist = value
        else:
            raise QAPISemError(info, "Unknown pragma '%s'" % name)

    def accept(self, skip_comment=True):
        while True:
            self.tok = self.src[self.cursor]
            self.pos = self.cursor
            self.cursor += 1
            self.val = None

            if self.tok == '#':
                if self.src[self.cursor] == '#':
                    # Start of doc comment
                    skip_comment = False
                self.cursor = self.src.find('\n', self.cursor)
                if not skip_comment:
                    self.val = self.src[self.pos:self.cursor]
                    return
            elif self.tok in '{}:,[]':
                return
            elif self.tok == "'":
                string = ''
                esc = False
                while True:
                    ch = self.src[self.cursor]
                    self.cursor += 1
                    if ch == '\n':
                        raise QAPIParseError(self, 'Missing terminating "\'"')
                    if esc:
                        if ch == 'b':
                            string += '\b'
                        elif ch == 'f':
                            string += '\f'
                        elif ch == 'n':
                            string += '\n'
                        elif ch == 'r':
                            string += '\r'
                        elif ch == 't':
                            string += '\t'
                        elif ch == 'u':
                            value = 0
                            for _ in range(0, 4):
                                ch = self.src[self.cursor]
                                self.cursor += 1
                                if ch not in '0123456789abcdefABCDEF':
                                    raise QAPIParseError(self,
                                                         '\\u escape needs 4 '
                                                         'hex digits')
                                value = (value << 4) + int(ch, 16)
                            # If Python 2 and 3 didn't disagree so much on
                            # how to handle Unicode, then we could allow
                            # Unicode string defaults.  But most of QAPI is
                            # ASCII-only, so we aren't losing much for now.
                            if not value or value > 0x7f:
                                raise QAPIParseError(self,
                                                     'For now, \\u escape '
                                                     'only supports non-zero '
                                                     'values up to \\u007f')
                            string += chr(value)
                        elif ch in '\\/\'"':
                            string += ch
                        else:
                            raise QAPIParseError(self,
                                                 "Unknown escape \\%s" % ch)
                        esc = False
                    elif ch == '\\':
                        esc = True
                    elif ch == "'":
                        self.val = string
                        return
                    else:
                        string += ch
            elif self.src.startswith('true', self.pos):
                self.val = True
                self.cursor += 3
                return
            elif self.src.startswith('false', self.pos):
                self.val = False
                self.cursor += 4
                return
            elif self.src.startswith('null', self.pos):
                self.val = None
                self.cursor += 3
                return
            elif self.tok == '\n':
                if self.cursor == len(self.src):
                    self.tok = None
                    return
                self.line += 1
                self.line_pos = self.cursor
            elif not self.tok.isspace():
                raise QAPIParseError(self, 'Stray "%s"' % self.tok)

    def get_members(self):
        expr = OrderedDict()
        if self.tok == '}':
            self.accept()
            return expr
        if self.tok != "'":
            raise QAPIParseError(self, 'Expected string or "}"')
        while True:
            key = self.val
            self.accept()
            if self.tok != ':':
                raise QAPIParseError(self, 'Expected ":"')
            self.accept()
            if key in expr:
                raise QAPIParseError(self, 'Duplicate key "%s"' % key)
            expr[key] = self.get_expr(True)
            if self.tok == '}':
                self.accept()
                return expr
            if self.tok != ',':
                raise QAPIParseError(self, 'Expected "," or "}"')
            self.accept()
            if self.tok != "'":
                raise QAPIParseError(self, 'Expected string')

    def get_values(self):
        expr = []
        if self.tok == ']':
            self.accept()
            return expr
        if self.tok not in "{['tfn":
            raise QAPIParseError(self, 'Expected "{", "[", "]", string, '
                                 'boolean or "null"')
        while True:
            expr.append(self.get_expr(True))
            if self.tok == ']':
                self.accept()
                return expr
            if self.tok != ',':
                raise QAPIParseError(self, 'Expected "," or "]"')
            self.accept()

    def get_expr(self, nested):
        if self.tok != '{' and not nested:
            raise QAPIParseError(self, 'Expected "{"')
        if self.tok == '{':
            self.accept()
            expr = self.get_members()
        elif self.tok == '[':
            self.accept()
            expr = self.get_values()
        elif self.tok in "'tfn":
            expr = self.val
            self.accept()
        else:
            raise QAPIParseError(self, 'Expected "{", "[", string, '
                                 'boolean or "null"')
        return expr

    def get_doc(self, info):
        if self.val != '##':
            raise QAPIParseError(self, "Junk after '##' at start of "
                                 "documentation comment")

        doc = QAPIDoc(self, info)
        self.accept(False)
        while self.tok == '#':
            if self.val.startswith('##'):
                # End of doc comment
                if self.val != '##':
                    raise QAPIParseError(self, "Junk after '##' at end of "
                                         "documentation comment")
                doc.end_comment()
                self.accept()
                return doc
            else:
                doc.append(self.val)
            self.accept(False)

        raise QAPIParseError(self, "Documentation comment must end with '##'")


#
# Semantic analysis of schema expressions
# TODO fold into QAPISchema
# TODO catching name collisions in generated code would be nice
#


def find_base_members(base):
    if isinstance(base, dict):
        return base
    base_struct_define = struct_types.get(base)
    if not base_struct_define:
        return None
    return base_struct_define['data']


# Return the qtype of an alternate branch, or None on error.
def find_alternate_member_qtype(qapi_type):
    if qapi_type in builtin_types:
        return builtin_types[qapi_type]
    elif qapi_type in struct_types:
        return 'QTYPE_QDICT'
    elif qapi_type in enum_types:
        return 'QTYPE_QSTRING'
    elif qapi_type in union_types:
        return 'QTYPE_QDICT'
    return None


# Return the discriminator enum define if discriminator is specified as an
# enum type, otherwise return None.
def discriminator_find_enum_define(expr):
    base = expr.get('base')
    discriminator = expr.get('discriminator')

    if not (discriminator and base):
        return None

    base_members = find_base_members(base)
    if not base_members:
        return None

    discriminator_value = base_members.get(discriminator)
    if not discriminator_value:
        return None

    return enum_types.get(discriminator_value['type'])


# Names must be letters, numbers, -, and _.  They must start with letter,
# except for downstream extensions which must start with __RFQDN_.
# Dots are only valid in the downstream extension prefix.
valid_name = re.compile(r'^(__[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+_)?'
                        '[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*$')


def check_name(info, source, name, allow_optional=False,
               enum_member=False):
    global valid_name
    membername = name

    if not isinstance(name, str):
        raise QAPISemError(info, "%s requires a string name" % source)
    if name.startswith('*'):
        membername = name[1:]
        if not allow_optional:
            raise QAPISemError(info, "%s does not allow optional name '%s'"
                               % (source, name))
    # Enum members can start with a digit, because the generated C
    # code always prefixes it with the enum name
    if enum_member and membername[0].isdigit():
        membername = 'D' + membername
    # Reserve the entire 'q_' namespace for c_name(), and for 'q_empty'
    # and 'q_obj_*' implicit type names.
    if not valid_name.match(membername) or \
       c_name(membername, False).startswith('q_'):
        raise QAPISemError(info, "%s uses invalid name '%s'" % (source, name))


def add_name(name, info, meta, implicit=False):
    global all_names
    check_name(info, "'%s'" % meta, name)
    # FIXME should reject names that differ only in '_' vs. '.'
    # vs. '-', because they're liable to clash in generated C.
    if name in all_names:
        raise QAPISemError(info, "%s '%s' is already defined"
                           % (all_names[name], name))
    if not implicit and (name.endswith('Kind') or name.endswith('List')):
        raise QAPISemError(info, "%s '%s' should not end in '%s'"
                           % (meta, name, name[-4:]))
    all_names[name] = meta


def check_if(expr, info):

    def check_if_str(ifcond, info):
        if not isinstance(ifcond, str):
            raise QAPISemError(
                info, "'if' condition must be a string or a list of strings")
        if ifcond == '':
            raise QAPISemError(info, "'if' condition '' makes no sense")

    ifcond = expr.get('if')
    if ifcond is None:
        return
    if isinstance(ifcond, list):
        if ifcond == []:
            raise QAPISemError(info, "'if' condition [] is useless")
        for elt in ifcond:
            check_if_str(elt, info)
    else:
        check_if_str(ifcond, info)


def check_type(info, source, value, allow_array=False,
               allow_dict=False, allow_optional=False,
               allow_metas=[]):
    global all_names

    if value is None:
        return

    # Check if array type for value is okay
    if isinstance(value, list):
        if not allow_array:
            raise QAPISemError(info, "%s cannot be an array" % source)
        if len(value) != 1 or not isinstance(value[0], str):
            raise QAPISemError(info,
                               "%s: array type must contain single type name" %
                               source)
        value = value[0]

    # Check if type name for value is okay
    if isinstance(value, str):
        if value not in all_names:
            raise QAPISemError(info, "%s uses unknown type '%s'"
                               % (source, value))
        if not all_names[value] in allow_metas:
            raise QAPISemError(info, "%s cannot use %s type '%s'" %
                               (source, all_names[value], value))
        return

    if not allow_dict:
        raise QAPISemError(info, "%s should be a type name" % source)

    if not isinstance(value, OrderedDict):
        raise QAPISemError(info,
                           "%s should be a dictionary or type name" % source)

    # value is a dictionary, check that each member is okay
    for (key, arg) in value.items():
        check_name(info, "Member of %s" % source, key,
                   allow_optional=allow_optional)
        if c_name(key, False) == 'u' or c_name(key, False).startswith('has_'):
            raise QAPISemError(info, "Member of %s uses reserved name '%s'"
                               % (source, key))
        # Todo: allow dictionaries to represent default values of
        # an optional argument.
        check_known_keys(info, "member '%s' of %s" % (key, source),
                         arg, ['type'], ['if'])
        check_type(info, "Member '%s' of %s" % (key, source),
                   arg['type'], allow_array=True,
                   allow_metas=['built-in', 'union', 'alternate', 'struct',
                                'enum'])


def check_command(expr, info):
    name = expr['command']
    boxed = expr.get('boxed', False)

    args_meta = ['struct']
    if boxed:
        args_meta += ['union', 'alternate']
    check_type(info, "'data' for command '%s'" % name,
               expr.get('data'), allow_dict=not boxed, allow_optional=True,
               allow_metas=args_meta)
    returns_meta = ['union', 'struct']
    if name in returns_whitelist:
        returns_meta += ['built-in', 'alternate', 'enum']
    check_type(info, "'returns' for command '%s'" % name,
               expr.get('returns'), allow_array=True,
               allow_optional=True, allow_metas=returns_meta)


def check_event(expr, info):
    name = expr['event']
    boxed = expr.get('boxed', False)

    meta = ['struct']
    if boxed:
        meta += ['union', 'alternate']
    check_type(info, "'data' for event '%s'" % name,
               expr.get('data'), allow_dict=not boxed, allow_optional=True,
               allow_metas=meta)


def enum_get_names(expr):
    return [e['name'] for e in expr['data']]


def check_union(expr, info):
    name = expr['union']
    base = expr.get('base')
    discriminator = expr.get('discriminator')
    members = expr['data']

    # Two types of unions, determined by discriminator.

    # With no discriminator it is a simple union.
    if discriminator is None:
        enum_define = None
        allow_metas = ['built-in', 'union', 'alternate', 'struct', 'enum']
        if base is not None:
            raise QAPISemError(info, "Simple union '%s' must not have a base" %
                               name)

    # Else, it's a flat union.
    else:
        # The object must have a string or dictionary 'base'.
        check_type(info, "'base' for union '%s'" % name,
                   base, allow_dict=True, allow_optional=True,
                   allow_metas=['struct'])
        if not base:
            raise QAPISemError(info, "Flat union '%s' must have a base"
                               % name)
        base_members = find_base_members(base)
        assert base_members is not None

        # The value of member 'discriminator' must name a non-optional
        # member of the base struct.
        check_name(info, "Discriminator of flat union '%s'" % name,
                   discriminator)
        discriminator_value = base_members.get(discriminator)
        if not discriminator_value:
            raise QAPISemError(info,
                               "Discriminator '%s' is not a member of base "
                               "struct '%s'"
                               % (discriminator, base))
        if discriminator_value.get('if'):
            raise QAPISemError(info, 'The discriminator %s.%s for union %s '
                               'must not be conditional' %
                               (base, discriminator, name))
        enum_define = enum_types.get(discriminator_value['type'])
        allow_metas = ['struct']
        # Do not allow string discriminator
        if not enum_define:
            raise QAPISemError(info,
                               "Discriminator '%s' must be of enumeration "
                               "type" % discriminator)

    # Check every branch; don't allow an empty union
    if len(members) == 0:
        raise QAPISemError(info, "Union '%s' cannot have empty 'data'" % name)
    for (key, value) in members.items():
        check_name(info, "Member of union '%s'" % name, key)

        check_known_keys(info, "member '%s' of union '%s'" % (key, name),
                         value, ['type'], ['if'])
        # Each value must name a known type
        check_type(info, "Member '%s' of union '%s'" % (key, name),
                   value['type'],
                   allow_array=not base, allow_metas=allow_metas)

        # If the discriminator names an enum type, then all members
        # of 'data' must also be members of the enum type.
        if enum_define:
            if key not in enum_get_names(enum_define):
                raise QAPISemError(info,
                                   "Discriminator value '%s' is not found in "
                                   "enum '%s'"
                                   % (key, enum_define['enum']))


def check_alternate(expr, info):
    name = expr['alternate']
    members = expr['data']
    types_seen = {}

    # Check every branch; require at least two branches
    if len(members) < 2:
        raise QAPISemError(info,
                           "Alternate '%s' should have at least two branches "
                           "in 'data'" % name)
    for (key, value) in members.items():
        check_name(info, "Member of alternate '%s'" % name, key)
        check_known_keys(info,
                         "member '%s' of alternate '%s'" % (key, name),
                         value, ['type'], ['if'])
        typ = value['type']

        # Ensure alternates have no type conflicts.
        check_type(info, "Member '%s' of alternate '%s'" % (key, name), typ,
                   allow_metas=['built-in', 'union', 'struct', 'enum'])
        qtype = find_alternate_member_qtype(typ)
        if not qtype:
            raise QAPISemError(info, "Alternate '%s' member '%s' cannot use "
                               "type '%s'" % (name, key, typ))
        conflicting = set([qtype])
        if qtype == 'QTYPE_QSTRING':
            enum_expr = enum_types.get(typ)
            if enum_expr:
                for v in enum_get_names(enum_expr):
                    if v in ['on', 'off']:
                        conflicting.add('QTYPE_QBOOL')
                    if re.match(r'[-+0-9.]', v): # lazy, could be tightened
                        conflicting.add('QTYPE_QNUM')
            else:
                conflicting.add('QTYPE_QNUM')
                conflicting.add('QTYPE_QBOOL')
        for qt in conflicting:
            if qt in types_seen:
                raise QAPISemError(info, "Alternate '%s' member '%s' can't "
                                   "be distinguished from member '%s'"
                                   % (name, key, types_seen[qt]))
            types_seen[qt] = key


def check_enum(expr, info):
    name = expr['enum']
    members = expr['data']
    prefix = expr.get('prefix')

    if not isinstance(members, list):
        raise QAPISemError(info,
                           "Enum '%s' requires an array for 'data'" % name)
    if prefix is not None and not isinstance(prefix, str):
        raise QAPISemError(info,
                           "Enum '%s' requires a string for 'prefix'" % name)

    for member in members:
        source = "dictionary member of enum '%s'" % name
        check_known_keys(info, source, member, ['name'], ['if'])
        check_if(member, info)
        check_name(info, "Member of enum '%s'" % name, member['name'],
                   enum_member=True)


def check_struct(expr, info):
    name = expr['struct']
    members = expr['data']

    check_type(info, "'data' for struct '%s'" % name, members,
               allow_dict=True, allow_optional=True)
    check_type(info, "'base' for struct '%s'" % name, expr.get('base'),
               allow_metas=['struct'])


def check_known_keys(info, source, keys, required, optional):

    def pprint(elems):
        return ', '.join("'" + e + "'" for e in sorted(elems))

    missing = set(required) - set(keys)
    if missing:
        raise QAPISemError(info, "Key%s %s %s missing from %s"
                           % ('s' if len(missing) > 1 else '', pprint(missing),
                              'are' if len(missing) > 1 else 'is', source))
    allowed = set(required + optional)
    unknown = set(keys) - allowed
    if unknown:
        raise QAPISemError(info, "Unknown key%s %s in %s\nValid keys are %s."
                           % ('s' if len(unknown) > 1 else '', pprint(unknown),
                              source, pprint(allowed)))


def check_keys(expr_elem, meta, required, optional=[]):
    expr = expr_elem['expr']
    info = expr_elem['info']
    name = expr[meta]
    if not isinstance(name, str):
        raise QAPISemError(info, "'%s' key must have a string value" % meta)
    required = required + [meta]
    source = "%s '%s'" % (meta, name)
    check_known_keys(info, source, expr.keys(), required, optional)
    for (key, value) in expr.items():
        if key in ['gen', 'success-response'] and value is not False:
            raise QAPISemError(info,
                               "'%s' of %s '%s' should only use false value"
                               % (key, meta, name))
        if (key in ['boxed', 'allow-oob', 'allow-preconfig']
                and value is not True):
            raise QAPISemError(info,
                               "'%s' of %s '%s' should only use true value"
                               % (key, meta, name))
        if key == 'if':
            check_if(expr, info)


def normalize_enum(expr):
    if isinstance(expr['data'], list):
        expr['data'] = [m if isinstance(m, dict) else {'name': m}
                        for m in expr['data']]


def normalize_members(members):
    if isinstance(members, OrderedDict):
        for key, arg in members.items():
            if isinstance(arg, dict):
                continue
            members[key] = {'type': arg}


def check_exprs(exprs):
    global all_names

    # Populate name table with names of built-in types
    for builtin in builtin_types.keys():
        all_names[builtin] = 'built-in'

    # Learn the types and check for valid expression keys
    for expr_elem in exprs:
        expr = expr_elem['expr']
        info = expr_elem['info']
        doc = expr_elem.get('doc')

        if 'include' in expr:
            continue

        if not doc and doc_required:
            raise QAPISemError(info,
                               "Expression missing documentation comment")

        if 'enum' in expr:
            meta = 'enum'
            check_keys(expr_elem, 'enum', ['data'], ['if', 'prefix'])
            normalize_enum(expr)
            enum_types[expr[meta]] = expr
        elif 'union' in expr:
            meta = 'union'
            check_keys(expr_elem, 'union', ['data'],
                       ['base', 'discriminator', 'if'])
            normalize_members(expr.get('base'))
            normalize_members(expr['data'])
            union_types[expr[meta]] = expr
        elif 'alternate' in expr:
            meta = 'alternate'
            check_keys(expr_elem, 'alternate', ['data'], ['if'])
            normalize_members(expr['data'])
        elif 'struct' in expr:
            meta = 'struct'
            check_keys(expr_elem, 'struct', ['data'], ['base', 'if'])
            normalize_members(expr['data'])
            struct_types[expr[meta]] = expr
        elif 'command' in expr:
            meta = 'command'
            check_keys(expr_elem, 'command', [],
                       ['data', 'returns', 'gen', 'success-response',
                        'boxed', 'allow-oob', 'allow-preconfig', 'if'])
            normalize_members(expr.get('data'))
        elif 'event' in expr:
            meta = 'event'
            check_keys(expr_elem, 'event', [], ['data', 'boxed', 'if'])
            normalize_members(expr.get('data'))
        else:
            raise QAPISemError(expr_elem['info'],
                               "Expression is missing metatype")
        name = expr[meta]
        add_name(name, info, meta)
        if doc and doc.symbol != name:
            raise QAPISemError(info, "Definition of '%s' follows documentation"
                               " for '%s'" % (name, doc.symbol))

    # Try again for hidden UnionKind enum
    for expr_elem in exprs:
        expr = expr_elem['expr']

        if 'include' in expr:
            continue
        if 'union' in expr and not discriminator_find_enum_define(expr):
            name = '%sKind' % expr['union']
        elif 'alternate' in expr:
            name = '%sKind' % expr['alternate']
        else:
            continue
        enum_types[name] = {'enum': name}
        add_name(name, info, 'enum', implicit=True)

    # Validate that exprs make sense
    for expr_elem in exprs:
        expr = expr_elem['expr']
        info = expr_elem['info']
        doc = expr_elem.get('doc')

        if 'include' in expr:
            continue
        if 'enum' in expr:
            check_enum(expr, info)
        elif 'union' in expr:
            check_union(expr, info)
        elif 'alternate' in expr:
            check_alternate(expr, info)
        elif 'struct' in expr:
            check_struct(expr, info)
        elif 'command' in expr:
            check_command(expr, info)
        elif 'event' in expr:
            check_event(expr, info)
        else:
            assert False, 'unexpected meta type'

        if doc:
            doc.check_expr(expr)

    return exprs


#
# Schema compiler frontend
#

def listify_cond(ifcond):
    if not ifcond:
        return []
    if not isinstance(ifcond, list):
        return [ifcond]
    return ifcond


class QAPISchemaEntity(object):
    def __init__(self, name, info, doc, ifcond=None):
        assert name is None or isinstance(name, str)
        self.name = name
        self.module = None
        # For explicitly defined entities, info points to the (explicit)
        # definition.  For builtins (and their arrays), info is None.
        # For implicitly defined entities, info points to a place that
        # triggered the implicit definition (there may be more than one
        # such place).
        self.info = info
        self.doc = doc
        self._ifcond = ifcond  # self.ifcond is set only after .check()

    def c_name(self):
        return c_name(self.name)

    def check(self, schema):
        if isinstance(self._ifcond, QAPISchemaType):
            # inherit the condition from a type
            typ = self._ifcond
            typ.check(schema)
            self.ifcond = typ.ifcond
        else:
            self.ifcond = listify_cond(self._ifcond)

    def is_implicit(self):
        return not self.info

    def visit(self, visitor):
        pass


class QAPISchemaVisitor(object):
    def visit_begin(self, schema):
        pass

    def visit_end(self):
        pass

    def visit_module(self, fname):
        pass

    def visit_needed(self, entity):
        # Default to visiting everything
        return True

    def visit_include(self, fname, info):
        pass

    def visit_builtin_type(self, name, info, json_type):
        pass

    def visit_enum_type(self, name, info, ifcond, members, prefix):
        pass

    def visit_array_type(self, name, info, ifcond, element_type):
        pass

    def visit_object_type(self, name, info, ifcond, base, members, variants):
        pass

    def visit_object_type_flat(self, name, info, ifcond, members, variants):
        pass

    def visit_alternate_type(self, name, info, ifcond, variants):
        pass

    def visit_command(self, name, info, ifcond, arg_type, ret_type, gen,
                      success_response, boxed, allow_oob, allow_preconfig):
        pass

    def visit_event(self, name, info, ifcond, arg_type, boxed):
        pass


class QAPISchemaInclude(QAPISchemaEntity):

    def __init__(self, fname, info):
        QAPISchemaEntity.__init__(self, None, info, None)
        self.fname = fname

    def visit(self, visitor):
        visitor.visit_include(self.fname, self.info)


class QAPISchemaType(QAPISchemaEntity):
    # Return the C type for common use.
    # For the types we commonly box, this is a pointer type.
    def c_type(self):
        pass

    # Return the C type to be used in a parameter list.
    def c_param_type(self):
        return self.c_type()

    # Return the C type to be used where we suppress boxing.
    def c_unboxed_type(self):
        return self.c_type()

    def json_type(self):
        pass

    def alternate_qtype(self):
        json2qtype = {
            'null':    'QTYPE_QNULL',
            'string':  'QTYPE_QSTRING',
            'number':  'QTYPE_QNUM',
            'int':     'QTYPE_QNUM',
            'boolean': 'QTYPE_QBOOL',
            'object':  'QTYPE_QDICT'
        }
        return json2qtype.get(self.json_type())

    def doc_type(self):
        if self.is_implicit():
            return None
        return self.name


class QAPISchemaBuiltinType(QAPISchemaType):
    def __init__(self, name, json_type, c_type):
        QAPISchemaType.__init__(self, name, None, None)
        assert not c_type or isinstance(c_type, str)
        assert json_type in ('string', 'number', 'int', 'boolean', 'null',
                             'value')
        self._json_type_name = json_type
        self._c_type_name = c_type

    def c_name(self):
        return self.name

    def c_type(self):
        return self._c_type_name

    def c_param_type(self):
        if self.name == 'str':
            return 'const ' + self._c_type_name
        return self._c_type_name

    def json_type(self):
        return self._json_type_name

    def doc_type(self):
        return self.json_type()

    def visit(self, visitor):
        visitor.visit_builtin_type(self.name, self.info, self.json_type())


class QAPISchemaEnumType(QAPISchemaType):
    def __init__(self, name, info, doc, ifcond, members, prefix):
        QAPISchemaType.__init__(self, name, info, doc, ifcond)
        for m in members:
            assert isinstance(m, QAPISchemaMember)
            m.set_owner(name)
        assert prefix is None or isinstance(prefix, str)
        self.members = members
        self.prefix = prefix

    def check(self, schema):
        QAPISchemaType.check(self, schema)
        seen = {}
        for m in self.members:
            m.check_clash(self.info, seen)
            if self.doc:
                self.doc.connect_member(m)

    def is_implicit(self):
        # See QAPISchema._make_implicit_enum_type() and ._def_predefineds()
        return self.name.endswith('Kind') or self.name == 'QType'

    def c_type(self):
        return c_name(self.name)

    def member_names(self):
        return [m.name for m in self.members]

    def json_type(self):
        return 'string'

    def visit(self, visitor):
        visitor.visit_enum_type(self.name, self.info, self.ifcond,
                                self.members, self.prefix)


class QAPISchemaArrayType(QAPISchemaType):
    def __init__(self, name, info, element_type):
        QAPISchemaType.__init__(self, name, info, None, None)
        assert isinstance(element_type, str)
        self._element_type_name = element_type
        self.element_type = None

    def check(self, schema):
        QAPISchemaType.check(self, schema)
        self.element_type = schema.lookup_type(self._element_type_name)
        assert self.element_type
        self.element_type.check(schema)
        self.ifcond = self.element_type.ifcond

    def is_implicit(self):
        return True

    def c_type(self):
        return c_name(self.name) + pointer_suffix

    def json_type(self):
        return 'array'

    def doc_type(self):
        elt_doc_type = self.element_type.doc_type()
        if not elt_doc_type:
            return None
        return 'array of ' + elt_doc_type

    def visit(self, visitor):
        visitor.visit_array_type(self.name, self.info, self.ifcond,
                                 self.element_type)


class QAPISchemaObjectType(QAPISchemaType):
    def __init__(self, name, info, doc, ifcond,
                 base, local_members, variants):
        # struct has local_members, optional base, and no variants
        # flat union has base, variants, and no local_members
        # simple union has local_members, variants, and no base
        QAPISchemaType.__init__(self, name, info, doc, ifcond)
        assert base is None or isinstance(base, str)
        for m in local_members:
            assert isinstance(m, QAPISchemaObjectTypeMember)
            m.set_owner(name)
        if variants is not None:
            assert isinstance(variants, QAPISchemaObjectTypeVariants)
            variants.set_owner(name)
        self._base_name = base
        self.base = None
        self.local_members = local_members
        self.variants = variants
        self.members = None

    def check(self, schema):
        QAPISchemaType.check(self, schema)
        if self.members is False:               # check for cycles
            raise QAPISemError(self.info,
                               "Object %s contains itself" % self.name)
        if self.members:
            return
        self.members = False                    # mark as being checked
        seen = OrderedDict()
        if self._base_name:
            self.base = schema.lookup_type(self._base_name)
            assert isinstance(self.base, QAPISchemaObjectType)
            self.base.check(schema)
            self.base.check_clash(self.info, seen)
        for m in self.local_members:
            m.check(schema)
            m.check_clash(self.info, seen)
            if self.doc:
                self.doc.connect_member(m)
        self.members = seen.values()
        if self.variants:
            self.variants.check(schema, seen)
            assert self.variants.tag_member in self.members
            self.variants.check_clash(self.info, seen)
        if self.doc:
            self.doc.check()

    # Check that the members of this type do not cause duplicate JSON members,
    # and update seen to track the members seen so far. Report any errors
    # on behalf of info, which is not necessarily self.info
    def check_clash(self, info, seen):
        assert not self.variants       # not implemented
        for m in self.members:
            m.check_clash(info, seen)

    def is_implicit(self):
        # See QAPISchema._make_implicit_object_type(), as well as
        # _def_predefineds()
        return self.name.startswith('q_')

    def is_empty(self):
        assert self.members is not None
        return not self.members and not self.variants

    def c_name(self):
        assert self.name != 'q_empty'
        return QAPISchemaType.c_name(self)

    def c_type(self):
        assert not self.is_implicit()
        return c_name(self.name) + pointer_suffix

    def c_unboxed_type(self):
        return c_name(self.name)

    def json_type(self):
        return 'object'

    def visit(self, visitor):
        visitor.visit_object_type(self.name, self.info, self.ifcond,
                                  self.base, self.local_members, self.variants)
        visitor.visit_object_type_flat(self.name, self.info, self.ifcond,
                                       self.members, self.variants)


class QAPISchemaMember(object):
    role = 'member'

    def __init__(self, name, ifcond=None):
        assert isinstance(name, str)
        self.name = name
        self.ifcond = listify_cond(ifcond)
        self.owner = None

    def set_owner(self, name):
        assert not self.owner
        self.owner = name

    def check_clash(self, info, seen):
        cname = c_name(self.name)
        if cname.lower() != cname and self.owner not in name_case_whitelist:
            raise QAPISemError(info,
                               "%s should not use uppercase" % self.describe())
        if cname in seen:
            raise QAPISemError(info, "%s collides with %s" %
                               (self.describe(), seen[cname].describe()))
        seen[cname] = self

    def _pretty_owner(self):
        owner = self.owner
        if owner.startswith('q_obj_'):
            # See QAPISchema._make_implicit_object_type() - reverse the
            # mapping there to create a nice human-readable description
            owner = owner[6:]
            if owner.endswith('-arg'):
                return '(parameter of %s)' % owner[:-4]
            elif owner.endswith('-base'):
                return '(base of %s)' % owner[:-5]
            else:
                assert owner.endswith('-wrapper')
                # Unreachable and not implemented
                assert False
        if owner.endswith('Kind'):
            # See QAPISchema._make_implicit_enum_type()
            return '(branch of %s)' % owner[:-4]
        return '(%s of %s)' % (self.role, owner)

    def describe(self):
        return "'%s' %s" % (self.name, self._pretty_owner())


class QAPISchemaObjectTypeMember(QAPISchemaMember):
    def __init__(self, name, typ, optional, ifcond=None):
        QAPISchemaMember.__init__(self, name, ifcond)
        assert isinstance(typ, str)
        assert isinstance(optional, bool)
        self._type_name = typ
        self.type = None
        self.optional = optional

    def check(self, schema):
        assert self.owner
        self.type = schema.lookup_type(self._type_name)
        assert self.type


class QAPISchemaObjectTypeVariants(object):
    def __init__(self, tag_name, tag_member, variants):
        # Flat unions pass tag_name but not tag_member.
        # Simple unions and alternates pass tag_member but not tag_name.
        # After check(), tag_member is always set, and tag_name remains
        # a reliable witness of being used by a flat union.
        assert bool(tag_member) != bool(tag_name)
        assert (isinstance(tag_name, str) or
                isinstance(tag_member, QAPISchemaObjectTypeMember))
        assert len(variants) > 0
        for v in variants:
            assert isinstance(v, QAPISchemaObjectTypeVariant)
        self._tag_name = tag_name
        self.tag_member = tag_member
        self.variants = variants

    def set_owner(self, name):
        for v in self.variants:
            v.set_owner(name)

    def check(self, schema, seen):
        if not self.tag_member:    # flat union
            self.tag_member = seen[c_name(self._tag_name)]
            assert self._tag_name == self.tag_member.name
        assert isinstance(self.tag_member.type, QAPISchemaEnumType)
        if self._tag_name:    # flat union
            # branches that are not explicitly covered get an empty type
            cases = set([v.name for v in self.variants])
            for m in self.tag_member.type.members:
                if m.name not in cases:
                    v = QAPISchemaObjectTypeVariant(m.name, 'q_empty',
                                                    m.ifcond)
                    v.set_owner(self.tag_member.owner)
                    self.variants.append(v)
        for v in self.variants:
            v.check(schema)
            # Union names must match enum values; alternate names are
            # checked separately. Use 'seen' to tell the two apart.
            if seen:
                assert v.name in self.tag_member.type.member_names()
                assert isinstance(v.type, QAPISchemaObjectType)
                v.type.check(schema)

    def check_clash(self, info, seen):
        for v in self.variants:
            # Reset seen map for each variant, since qapi names from one
            # branch do not affect another branch
            assert isinstance(v.type, QAPISchemaObjectType)
            v.type.check_clash(info, dict(seen))


class QAPISchemaObjectTypeVariant(QAPISchemaObjectTypeMember):
    role = 'branch'

    def __init__(self, name, typ, ifcond=None):
        QAPISchemaObjectTypeMember.__init__(self, name, typ, False, ifcond)


class QAPISchemaAlternateType(QAPISchemaType):
    def __init__(self, name, info, doc, ifcond, variants):
        QAPISchemaType.__init__(self, name, info, doc, ifcond)
        assert isinstance(variants, QAPISchemaObjectTypeVariants)
        assert variants.tag_member
        variants.set_owner(name)
        variants.tag_member.set_owner(self.name)
        self.variants = variants

    def check(self, schema):
        QAPISchemaType.check(self, schema)
        self.variants.tag_member.check(schema)
        # Not calling self.variants.check_clash(), because there's nothing
        # to clash with
        self.variants.check(schema, {})
        # Alternate branch names have no relation to the tag enum values;
        # so we have to check for potential name collisions ourselves.
        seen = {}
        for v in self.variants.variants:
            v.check_clash(self.info, seen)
            if self.doc:
                self.doc.connect_member(v)
        if self.doc:
            self.doc.check()

    def c_type(self):
        return c_name(self.name) + pointer_suffix

    def json_type(self):
        return 'value'

    def visit(self, visitor):
        visitor.visit_alternate_type(self.name, self.info, self.ifcond,
                                     self.variants)

    def is_empty(self):
        return False


class QAPISchemaCommand(QAPISchemaEntity):
    def __init__(self, name, info, doc, ifcond, arg_type, ret_type,
                 gen, success_response, boxed, allow_oob, allow_preconfig):
        QAPISchemaEntity.__init__(self, name, info, doc, ifcond)
        assert not arg_type or isinstance(arg_type, str)
        assert not ret_type or isinstance(ret_type, str)
        self._arg_type_name = arg_type
        self.arg_type = None
        self._ret_type_name = ret_type
        self.ret_type = None
        self.gen = gen
        self.success_response = success_response
        self.boxed = boxed
        self.allow_oob = allow_oob
        self.allow_preconfig = allow_preconfig

    def check(self, schema):
        QAPISchemaEntity.check(self, schema)
        if self._arg_type_name:
            self.arg_type = schema.lookup_type(self._arg_type_name)
            assert (isinstance(self.arg_type, QAPISchemaObjectType) or
                    isinstance(self.arg_type, QAPISchemaAlternateType))
            self.arg_type.check(schema)
            if self.boxed:
                if self.arg_type.is_empty():
                    raise QAPISemError(self.info,
                                       "Cannot use 'boxed' with empty type")
            else:
                assert not isinstance(self.arg_type, QAPISchemaAlternateType)
                assert not self.arg_type.variants
        elif self.boxed:
            raise QAPISemError(self.info, "Use of 'boxed' requires 'data'")
        if self._ret_type_name:
            self.ret_type = schema.lookup_type(self._ret_type_name)
            assert isinstance(self.ret_type, QAPISchemaType)

    def visit(self, visitor):
        visitor.visit_command(self.name, self.info, self.ifcond,
                              self.arg_type, self.ret_type,
                              self.gen, self.success_response,
                              self.boxed, self.allow_oob,
                              self.allow_preconfig)


class QAPISchemaEvent(QAPISchemaEntity):
    def __init__(self, name, info, doc, ifcond, arg_type, boxed):
        QAPISchemaEntity.__init__(self, name, info, doc, ifcond)
        assert not arg_type or isinstance(arg_type, str)
        self._arg_type_name = arg_type
        self.arg_type = None
        self.boxed = boxed

    def check(self, schema):
        QAPISchemaEntity.check(self, schema)
        if self._arg_type_name:
            self.arg_type = schema.lookup_type(self._arg_type_name)
            assert (isinstance(self.arg_type, QAPISchemaObjectType) or
                    isinstance(self.arg_type, QAPISchemaAlternateType))
            self.arg_type.check(schema)
            if self.boxed:
                if self.arg_type.is_empty():
                    raise QAPISemError(self.info,
                                       "Cannot use 'boxed' with empty type")
            else:
                assert not isinstance(self.arg_type, QAPISchemaAlternateType)
                assert not self.arg_type.variants
        elif self.boxed:
            raise QAPISemError(self.info, "Use of 'boxed' requires 'data'")

    def visit(self, visitor):
        visitor.visit_event(self.name, self.info, self.ifcond,
                            self.arg_type, self.boxed)


class QAPISchema(object):
    def __init__(self, fname):
        self._fname = fname
        if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
            f = open(fname, 'r', encoding='utf-8')
        else:
            f = open(fname, 'r')
        parser = QAPISchemaParser(f)
        exprs = check_exprs(parser.exprs)
        self.docs = parser.docs
        self._entity_list = []
        self._entity_dict = {}
        self._predefining = True
        self._def_predefineds()
        self._predefining = False
        self._def_exprs(exprs)
        self.check()

    def _def_entity(self, ent):
        # Only the predefined types are allowed to not have info
        assert ent.info or self._predefining
        assert ent.name is None or ent.name not in self._entity_dict
        self._entity_list.append(ent)
        if ent.name is not None:
            self._entity_dict[ent.name] = ent
        if ent.info:
            ent.module = os.path.relpath(ent.info['file'],
                                         os.path.dirname(self._fname))

    def lookup_entity(self, name, typ=None):
        ent = self._entity_dict.get(name)
        if typ and not isinstance(ent, typ):
            return None
        return ent

    def lookup_type(self, name):
        return self.lookup_entity(name, QAPISchemaType)

    def _def_include(self, expr, info, doc):
        include = expr['include']
        assert doc is None
        main_info = info
        while main_info['parent']:
            main_info = main_info['parent']
        fname = os.path.relpath(include, os.path.dirname(main_info['file']))
        self._def_entity(QAPISchemaInclude(fname, info))

    def _def_builtin_type(self, name, json_type, c_type):
        self._def_entity(QAPISchemaBuiltinType(name, json_type, c_type))
        # Instantiating only the arrays that are actually used would
        # be nice, but we can't as long as their generated code
        # (qapi-builtin-types.[ch]) may be shared by some other
        # schema.
        self._make_array_type(name, None)

    def _def_predefineds(self):
        for t in [('str',    'string',  'char' + pointer_suffix),
                  ('number', 'number',  'double'),
                  ('int',    'int',     'int64_t'),
                  ('int8',   'int',     'int8_t'),
                  ('int16',  'int',     'int16_t'),
                  ('int32',  'int',     'int32_t'),
                  ('int64',  'int',     'int64_t'),
                  ('uint8',  'int',     'uint8_t'),
                  ('uint16', 'int',     'uint16_t'),
                  ('uint32', 'int',     'uint32_t'),
                  ('uint64', 'int',     'uint64_t'),
                  ('size',   'int',     'uint64_t'),
                  ('bool',   'boolean', 'bool'),
                  ('any',    'value',   'QObject' + pointer_suffix),
                  ('null',   'null',    'QNull' + pointer_suffix)]:
            self._def_builtin_type(*t)
        self.the_empty_object_type = QAPISchemaObjectType(
            'q_empty', None, None, None, None, [], None)
        self._def_entity(self.the_empty_object_type)

        qtypes = ['none', 'qnull', 'qnum', 'qstring', 'qdict', 'qlist',
                  'qbool']
        qtype_values = self._make_enum_members([{'name': n} for n in qtypes])

        self._def_entity(QAPISchemaEnumType('QType', None, None, None,
                                            qtype_values, 'QTYPE'))

    def _make_enum_members(self, values):
        return [QAPISchemaMember(v['name'], v.get('if')) for v in values]

    def _make_implicit_enum_type(self, name, info, ifcond, values):
        # See also QAPISchemaObjectTypeMember._pretty_owner()
        name = name + 'Kind'   # Use namespace reserved by add_name()
        self._def_entity(QAPISchemaEnumType(
            name, info, None, ifcond, self._make_enum_members(values), None))
        return name

    def _make_array_type(self, element_type, info):
        name = element_type + 'List'   # Use namespace reserved by add_name()
        if not self.lookup_type(name):
            self._def_entity(QAPISchemaArrayType(name, info, element_type))
        return name

    def _make_implicit_object_type(self, name, info, doc, ifcond,
                                   role, members):
        if not members:
            return None
        # See also QAPISchemaObjectTypeMember._pretty_owner()
        name = 'q_obj_%s-%s' % (name, role)
        typ = self.lookup_entity(name, QAPISchemaObjectType)
        if typ:
            # The implicit object type has multiple users.  This can
            # happen only for simple unions' implicit wrapper types.
            # Its ifcond should be the disjunction of its user's
            # ifconds.  Not implemented.  Instead, we always pass the
            # wrapped type's ifcond, which is trivially the same for all
            # users.  It's also necessary for the wrapper to compile.
            # But it's not tight: the disjunction need not imply it.  We
            # may end up compiling useless wrapper types.
            # TODO kill simple unions or implement the disjunction
            assert ifcond == typ._ifcond # pylint: disable=protected-access
        else:
            self._def_entity(QAPISchemaObjectType(name, info, doc, ifcond,
                                                  None, members, None))
        return name

    def _def_enum_type(self, expr, info, doc):
        name = expr['enum']
        data = expr['data']
        prefix = expr.get('prefix')
        ifcond = expr.get('if')
        self._def_entity(QAPISchemaEnumType(
            name, info, doc, ifcond,
            self._make_enum_members(data), prefix))

    def _make_member(self, name, typ, ifcond, info):
        optional = False
        if name.startswith('*'):
            name = name[1:]
            optional = True
        if isinstance(typ, list):
            assert len(typ) == 1
            typ = self._make_array_type(typ[0], info)
        return QAPISchemaObjectTypeMember(name, typ, optional, ifcond)

    def _make_members(self, data, info):
        return [self._make_member(key, value['type'], value.get('if'), info)
                for (key, value) in data.items()]

    def _def_struct_type(self, expr, info, doc):
        name = expr['struct']
        base = expr.get('base')
        data = expr['data']
        ifcond = expr.get('if')
        self._def_entity(QAPISchemaObjectType(name, info, doc, ifcond, base,
                                              self._make_members(data, info),
                                              None))

    def _make_variant(self, case, typ, ifcond):
        return QAPISchemaObjectTypeVariant(case, typ, ifcond)

    def _make_simple_variant(self, case, typ, ifcond, info):
        if isinstance(typ, list):
            assert len(typ) == 1
            typ = self._make_array_type(typ[0], info)
        typ = self._make_implicit_object_type(
            typ, info, None, self.lookup_type(typ),
            'wrapper', [self._make_member('data', typ, None, info)])
        return QAPISchemaObjectTypeVariant(case, typ, ifcond)

    def _def_union_type(self, expr, info, doc):
        name = expr['union']
        data = expr['data']
        base = expr.get('base')
        ifcond = expr.get('if')
        tag_name = expr.get('discriminator')
        tag_member = None
        if isinstance(base, dict):
            base = self._make_implicit_object_type(
                name, info, doc, ifcond,
                'base', self._make_members(base, info))
        if tag_name:
            variants = [self._make_variant(key, value['type'], value.get('if'))
                        for (key, value) in data.items()]
            members = []
        else:
            variants = [self._make_simple_variant(key, value['type'],
                                                  value.get('if'), info)
                        for (key, value) in data.items()]
            enum = [{'name': v.name, 'if': v.ifcond} for v in variants]
            typ = self._make_implicit_enum_type(name, info, ifcond, enum)
            tag_member = QAPISchemaObjectTypeMember('type', typ, False)
            members = [tag_member]
        self._def_entity(
            QAPISchemaObjectType(name, info, doc, ifcond, base, members,
                                 QAPISchemaObjectTypeVariants(tag_name,
                                                              tag_member,
                                                              variants)))

    def _def_alternate_type(self, expr, info, doc):
        name = expr['alternate']
        data = expr['data']
        ifcond = expr.get('if')
        variants = [self._make_variant(key, value['type'], value.get('if'))
                    for (key, value) in data.items()]
        tag_member = QAPISchemaObjectTypeMember('type', 'QType', False)
        self._def_entity(
            QAPISchemaAlternateType(name, info, doc, ifcond,
                                    QAPISchemaObjectTypeVariants(None,
                                                                 tag_member,
                                                                 variants)))

    def _def_command(self, expr, info, doc):
        name = expr['command']
        data = expr.get('data')
        rets = expr.get('returns')
        gen = expr.get('gen', True)
        success_response = expr.get('success-response', True)
        boxed = expr.get('boxed', False)
        allow_oob = expr.get('allow-oob', False)
        allow_preconfig = expr.get('allow-preconfig', False)
        ifcond = expr.get('if')
        if isinstance(data, OrderedDict):
            data = self._make_implicit_object_type(
                name, info, doc, ifcond, 'arg', self._make_members(data, info))
        if isinstance(rets, list):
            assert len(rets) == 1
            rets = self._make_array_type(rets[0], info)
        self._def_entity(QAPISchemaCommand(name, info, doc, ifcond, data, rets,
                                           gen, success_response,
                                           boxed, allow_oob, allow_preconfig))

    def _def_event(self, expr, info, doc):
        name = expr['event']
        data = expr.get('data')
        boxed = expr.get('boxed', False)
        ifcond = expr.get('if')
        if isinstance(data, OrderedDict):
            data = self._make_implicit_object_type(
                name, info, doc, ifcond, 'arg', self._make_members(data, info))
        self._def_entity(QAPISchemaEvent(name, info, doc, ifcond, data, boxed))

    def _def_exprs(self, exprs):
        for expr_elem in exprs:
            expr = expr_elem['expr']
            info = expr_elem['info']
            doc = expr_elem.get('doc')
            if 'enum' in expr:
                self._def_enum_type(expr, info, doc)
            elif 'struct' in expr:
                self._def_struct_type(expr, info, doc)
            elif 'union' in expr:
                self._def_union_type(expr, info, doc)
            elif 'alternate' in expr:
                self._def_alternate_type(expr, info, doc)
            elif 'command' in expr:
                self._def_command(expr, info, doc)
            elif 'event' in expr:
                self._def_event(expr, info, doc)
            elif 'include' in expr:
                self._def_include(expr, info, doc)
            else:
                assert False

    def check(self):
        for ent in self._entity_list:
            ent.check(self)

    def visit(self, visitor):
        visitor.visit_begin(self)
        module = None
        visitor.visit_module(module)
        for entity in self._entity_list:
            if visitor.visit_needed(entity):
                if entity.module != module:
                    module = entity.module
                    visitor.visit_module(module)
                entity.visit(visitor)
        visitor.visit_end()


#
# Code generation helpers
#

def camel_case(name):
    new_name = ''
    first = True
    for ch in name:
        if ch in ['_', '-']:
            first = True
        elif first:
            new_name += ch.upper()
            first = False
        else:
            new_name += ch.lower()
    return new_name


# ENUMName -> ENUM_NAME, EnumName1 -> ENUM_NAME1
# ENUM_NAME -> ENUM_NAME, ENUM_NAME1 -> ENUM_NAME1, ENUM_Name2 -> ENUM_NAME2
# ENUM24_Name -> ENUM24_NAME
def camel_to_upper(value):
    c_fun_str = c_name(value, False)
    if value.isupper():
        return c_fun_str

    new_name = ''
    length = len(c_fun_str)
    for i in range(length):
        c = c_fun_str[i]
        # When c is upper and no '_' appears before, do more checks
        if c.isupper() and (i > 0) and c_fun_str[i - 1] != '_':
            if i < length - 1 and c_fun_str[i + 1].islower():
                new_name += '_'
            elif c_fun_str[i - 1].isdigit():
                new_name += '_'
        new_name += c
    return new_name.lstrip('_').upper()


def c_enum_const(type_name, const_name, prefix=None):
    if prefix is not None:
        type_name = prefix
    return camel_to_upper(type_name) + '_' + c_name(const_name, False).upper()


if hasattr(str, 'maketrans'):
    c_name_trans = str.maketrans('.-', '__')
else:
    c_name_trans = string.maketrans('.-', '__')


# Map @name to a valid C identifier.
# If @protect, avoid returning certain ticklish identifiers (like
# C keywords) by prepending 'q_'.
#
# Used for converting 'name' from a 'name':'type' qapi definition
# into a generated struct member, as well as converting type names
# into substrings of a generated C function name.
# '__a.b_c' -> '__a_b_c', 'x-foo' -> 'x_foo'
# protect=True: 'int' -> 'q_int'; protect=False: 'int' -> 'int'
def c_name(name, protect=True):
    # ANSI X3J11/88-090, 3.1.1
    c89_words = set(['auto', 'break', 'case', 'char', 'const', 'continue',
                     'default', 'do', 'double', 'else', 'enum', 'extern',
                     'float', 'for', 'goto', 'if', 'int', 'long', 'register',
                     'return', 'short', 'signed', 'sizeof', 'static',
                     'struct', 'switch', 'typedef', 'union', 'unsigned',
                     'void', 'volatile', 'while'])
    # ISO/IEC 9899:1999, 6.4.1
    c99_words = set(['inline', 'restrict', '_Bool', '_Complex', '_Imaginary'])
    # ISO/IEC 9899:2011, 6.4.1
    c11_words = set(['_Alignas', '_Alignof', '_Atomic', '_Generic',
                     '_Noreturn', '_Static_assert', '_Thread_local'])
    # GCC http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.7.1/gcc/C-Extensions.html
    # excluding _.*
    gcc_words = set(['asm', 'typeof'])
    # C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2003 2.11
    cpp_words = set(['bool', 'catch', 'class', 'const_cast', 'delete',
                     'dynamic_cast', 'explicit', 'false', 'friend', 'mutable',
                     'namespace', 'new', 'operator', 'private', 'protected',
                     'public', 'reinterpret_cast', 'static_cast', 'template',
                     'this', 'throw', 'true', 'try', 'typeid', 'typename',
                     'using', 'virtual', 'wchar_t',
                     # alternative representations
                     'and', 'and_eq', 'bitand', 'bitor', 'compl', 'not',
                     'not_eq', 'or', 'or_eq', 'xor', 'xor_eq'])
    # namespace pollution:
    polluted_words = set(['unix', 'errno', 'mips', 'sparc', 'i386'])
    name = name.translate(c_name_trans)
    if protect and (name in c89_words | c99_words | c11_words | gcc_words
                    | cpp_words | polluted_words):
        return 'q_' + name
    return name


eatspace = '\033EATSPACE.'
pointer_suffix = ' *' + eatspace


def genindent(count):
    ret = ''
    for _ in range(count):
        ret += ' '
    return ret


indent_level = 0


def push_indent(indent_amount=4):
    global indent_level
    indent_level += indent_amount


def pop_indent(indent_amount=4):
    global indent_level
    indent_level -= indent_amount


# Generate @code with @kwds interpolated.
# Obey indent_level, and strip eatspace.
def cgen(code, **kwds):
    raw = code % kwds
    if indent_level:
        indent = genindent(indent_level)
        # re.subn() lacks flags support before Python 2.7, use re.compile()
        raw = re.subn(re.compile(r'^(?!(#|$))', re.MULTILINE),
                      indent, raw)
        raw = raw[0]
    return re.sub(re.escape(eatspace) + r' *', '', raw)


def mcgen(code, **kwds):
    if code[0] == '\n':
        code = code[1:]
    return cgen(code, **kwds)


def guardname(filename):
    return re.sub(r'[^A-Za-z0-9_]', '_', filename).upper()


def guardstart(name):
    return mcgen('''
#ifndef %(name)s
#define %(name)s

''',
                 name=guardname(name))


def guardend(name):
    return mcgen('''

#endif /* %(name)s */
''',
                 name=guardname(name))


def gen_if(ifcond):
    ret = ''
    for ifc in ifcond:
        ret += mcgen('''
#if %(cond)s
''', cond=ifc)
    return ret


def gen_endif(ifcond):
    ret = ''
    for ifc in reversed(ifcond):
        ret += mcgen('''
#endif /* %(cond)s */
''', cond=ifc)
    return ret


def _wrap_ifcond(ifcond, before, after):
    if before == after:
        return after   # suppress empty #if ... #endif

    assert after.startswith(before)
    out = before
    added = after[len(before):]
    if added[0] == '\n':
        out += '\n'
        added = added[1:]
    out += gen_if(ifcond)
    out += added
    out += gen_endif(ifcond)
    return out


def gen_enum_lookup(name, members, prefix=None):
    ret = mcgen('''

const QEnumLookup %(c_name)s_lookup = {
    .array = (const char *const[]) {
''',
                c_name=c_name(name))
    for m in members:
        ret += gen_if(m.ifcond)
        index = c_enum_const(name, m.name, prefix)
        ret += mcgen('''
        [%(index)s] = "%(name)s",
''',
                     index=index, name=m.name)
        ret += gen_endif(m.ifcond)

    ret += mcgen('''
    },
    .size = %(max_index)s
};
''',
                 max_index=c_enum_const(name, '_MAX', prefix))
    return ret


def gen_enum(name, members, prefix=None):
    # append automatically generated _MAX value
    enum_members = members + [QAPISchemaMember('_MAX')]

    ret = mcgen('''

typedef enum %(c_name)s {
''',
                c_name=c_name(name))

    for m in enum_members:
        ret += gen_if(m.ifcond)
        ret += mcgen('''
    %(c_enum)s,
''',
                     c_enum=c_enum_const(name, m.name, prefix))
        ret += gen_endif(m.ifcond)

    ret += mcgen('''
} %(c_name)s;
''',
                 c_name=c_name(name))

    ret += mcgen('''

#define %(c_name)s_str(val) \\
    qapi_enum_lookup(&%(c_name)s_lookup, (val))

extern const QEnumLookup %(c_name)s_lookup;
''',
                 c_name=c_name(name))
    return ret


def build_params(arg_type, boxed, extra=None):
    ret = ''
    sep = ''
    if boxed:
        assert arg_type
        ret += '%s arg' % arg_type.c_param_type()
        sep = ', '
    elif arg_type:
        assert not arg_type.variants
        for memb in arg_type.members:
            ret += sep
            sep = ', '
            if memb.optional:
                ret += 'bool has_%s, ' % c_name(memb.name)
            ret += '%s %s' % (memb.type.c_param_type(),
                              c_name(memb.name))
    if extra:
        ret += sep + extra
    return ret if ret else 'void'


#
# Accumulate and write output
#

class QAPIGen(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self._preamble = ''
        self._body = ''

    def preamble_add(self, text):
        self._preamble += text

    def add(self, text):
        self._body += text

    def get_content(self, fname=None):
        return (self._top(fname) + self._preamble + self._body
                + self._bottom(fname))

    def _top(self, fname):
        return ''

    def _bottom(self, fname):
        return ''

    def write(self, output_dir, fname):
        pathname = os.path.join(output_dir, fname)
        dir = os.path.dirname(pathname)
        if dir:
            try:
                os.makedirs(dir)
            except os.error as e:
                if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
                    raise
        fd = os.open(pathname, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT, 0o666)
        if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
            f = open(fd, 'r+', encoding='utf-8')
        else:
            f = os.fdopen(fd, 'r+')
        text = self.get_content(fname)
        oldtext = f.read(len(text) + 1)
        if text != oldtext:
            f.seek(0)
            f.truncate(0)
            f.write(text)
        f.close()


@contextmanager
def ifcontext(ifcond, *args):
    """A 'with' statement context manager to wrap with start_if()/end_if()

    *args: any number of QAPIGenCCode

    Example::

        with ifcontext(ifcond, self._genh, self._genc):
            modify self._genh and self._genc ...

    Is equivalent to calling::

        self._genh.start_if(ifcond)
        self._genc.start_if(ifcond)
        modify self._genh and self._genc ...
        self._genh.end_if()
        self._genc.end_if()
    """
    for arg in args:
        arg.start_if(ifcond)
    yield
    for arg in args:
        arg.end_if()


class QAPIGenCCode(QAPIGen):

    def __init__(self):
        QAPIGen.__init__(self)
        self._start_if = None

    def start_if(self, ifcond):
        assert self._start_if is None
        self._start_if = (ifcond, self._body, self._preamble)

    def end_if(self):
        assert self._start_if
        self._wrap_ifcond()
        self._start_if = None

    def _wrap_ifcond(self):
        self._body = _wrap_ifcond(self._start_if[0],
                                  self._start_if[1], self._body)
        self._preamble = _wrap_ifcond(self._start_if[0],
                                      self._start_if[2], self._preamble)

    def get_content(self, fname=None):
        assert self._start_if is None
        return QAPIGen.get_content(self, fname)


class QAPIGenC(QAPIGenCCode):

    def __init__(self, blurb, pydoc):
        QAPIGenCCode.__init__(self)
        self._blurb = blurb
        self._copyright = '\n * '.join(re.findall(r'^Copyright .*', pydoc,
                                                  re.MULTILINE))

    def _top(self, fname):
        return mcgen('''
/* AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED, DO NOT MODIFY */

/*
%(blurb)s
 *
 * %(copyright)s
 *
 * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU LGPL, version 2.1 or later.
 * See the COPYING.LIB file in the top-level directory.
 */

''',
                     blurb=self._blurb, copyright=self._copyright)

    def _bottom(self, fname):
        return mcgen('''

/* Dummy declaration to prevent empty .o file */
char dummy_%(name)s;
''',
                     name=c_name(fname))


class QAPIGenH(QAPIGenC):

    def _top(self, fname):
        return QAPIGenC._top(self, fname) + guardstart(fname)

    def _bottom(self, fname):
        return guardend(fname)


class QAPIGenDoc(QAPIGen):

    def _top(self, fname):
        return (QAPIGen._top(self, fname)
                + '@c AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED, DO NOT MODIFY\n\n')


class QAPISchemaMonolithicCVisitor(QAPISchemaVisitor):

    def __init__(self, prefix, what, blurb, pydoc):
        self._prefix = prefix
        self._what = what
        self._genc = QAPIGenC(blurb, pydoc)
        self._genh = QAPIGenH(blurb, pydoc)

    def write(self, output_dir):
        self._genc.write(output_dir, self._prefix + self._what + '.c')
        self._genh.write(output_dir, self._prefix + self._what + '.h')


class QAPISchemaModularCVisitor(QAPISchemaVisitor):

    def __init__(self, prefix, what, blurb, pydoc):
        self._prefix = prefix
        self._what = what
        self._blurb = blurb
        self._pydoc = pydoc
        self._genc = None
        self._genh = None
        self._module = {}
        self._main_module = None

    @staticmethod
    def _is_user_module(name):
        return name and not name.startswith('./')

    @staticmethod
    def _is_builtin_module(name):
        return not name

    def _module_basename(self, what, name):
        ret = '' if self._is_builtin_module(name) else self._prefix
        if self._is_user_module(name):
            dirname, basename = os.path.split(name)
            ret += what
            if name != self._main_module:
                ret += '-' + os.path.splitext(basename)[0]
            ret = os.path.join(dirname, ret)
        else:
            name = name[2:] if name else 'builtin'
            ret += re.sub(r'-', '-' + name + '-', what)
        return ret

    def _add_module(self, name, blurb):
        genc = QAPIGenC(blurb, self._pydoc)
        genh = QAPIGenH(blurb, self._pydoc)
        self._module[name] = (genc, genh)
        self._set_module(name)

    def _add_user_module(self, name, blurb):
        assert self._is_user_module(name)
        if self._main_module is None:
            self._main_module = name
        self._add_module(name, blurb)

    def _add_system_module(self, name, blurb):
        self._add_module(name and './' + name, blurb)

    def _set_module(self, name):
        self._genc, self._genh = self._module[name]

    def write(self, output_dir, opt_builtins=False):
        for name in self._module:
            if self._is_builtin_module(name) and not opt_builtins:
                continue
            basename = self._module_basename(self._what, name)
            (genc, genh) = self._module[name]
            genc.write(output_dir, basename + '.c')
            genh.write(output_dir, basename + '.h')

    def _begin_user_module(self, name):
        pass

    def visit_module(self, name):
        if name in self._module:
            self._set_module(name)
        elif self._is_builtin_module(name):
            # The built-in module has not been created.  No code may
            # be generated.
            self._genc = None
            self._genh = None
        else:
            self._add_user_module(name, self._blurb)
            self._begin_user_module(name)

    def visit_include(self, name, info):
        basename = self._module_basename(self._what, name)
        self._genh.preamble_add(mcgen('''
#include "%(basename)s.h"
''',
                                      basename=basename))