/* * QEMU Object Model * * Copyright IBM, Corp. 2011 * * Authors: * Anthony Liguori * * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later. * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory. */ #include "qom/object.h" #include "qemu-common.h" #include "qapi/visitor.h" #include "qapi/string-input-visitor.h" #include "qapi/string-output-visitor.h" #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h" /* TODO: replace QObject with a simpler visitor to avoid a dependency * of the QOM core on QObject? */ #include "qom/qom-qobject.h" #include "qapi/qmp/qobject.h" #include "qapi/qmp/qbool.h" #include "qapi/qmp/qint.h" #include "qapi/qmp/qstring.h" #define MAX_INTERFACES 32 typedef struct InterfaceImpl InterfaceImpl; typedef struct TypeImpl TypeImpl; struct InterfaceImpl { const char *typename; }; struct TypeImpl { const char *name; size_t class_size; size_t instance_size; void (*class_init)(ObjectClass *klass, void *data); void (*class_base_init)(ObjectClass *klass, void *data); void (*class_finalize)(ObjectClass *klass, void *data); void *class_data; void (*instance_init)(Object *obj); void (*instance_finalize)(Object *obj); bool abstract; const char *parent; TypeImpl *parent_type; ObjectClass *class; int num_interfaces; InterfaceImpl interfaces[MAX_INTERFACES]; }; static Type type_interface; static GHashTable *type_table_get(void) { static GHashTable *type_table; if (type_table == NULL) { type_table = g_hash_table_new(g_str_hash, g_str_equal); } return type_table; } static void type_table_add(TypeImpl *ti) { g_hash_table_insert(type_table_get(), (void *)ti->name, ti); } static TypeImpl *type_table_lookup(const char *name) { return g_hash_table_lookup(type_table_get(), name); } static TypeImpl *type_register_internal(const TypeInfo *info) { TypeImpl *ti = g_malloc0(sizeof(*ti)); int i; g_assert(info->name != NULL); if (type_table_lookup(info->name) != NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "Registering `%s' which already exists\n", info->name); abort(); } ti->name = g_strdup(info->name); ti->parent = g_strdup(info->parent); ti->class_size = info->class_size; ti->instance_size = info->instance_size; ti->class_init = info->class_init; ti->class_base_init = info->class_base_init; ti->class_finalize = info->class_finalize; ti->class_data = info->class_data; ti->instance_init = info->instance_init; ti->instance_finalize = info->instance_finalize; ti->abstract = info->abstract; for (i = 0; info->interfaces && info->interfaces[i].type; i++) { ti->interfaces[i].typename = g_strdup(info->interfaces[i].type); } ti->num_interfaces = i; type_table_add(ti); return ti; } TypeImpl *type_register(const TypeInfo *info) { assert(info->parent); return type_register_internal(info); } TypeImpl *type_register_static(const TypeInfo *info) { return type_register(info); } static TypeImpl *type_get_by_name(const char *name) { if (name == NULL) { return NULL; } return type_table_lookup(name); } static TypeImpl *type_get_parent(TypeImpl *type) { if (!type->parent_type && type->parent) { type->parent_type = type_get_by_name(type->parent); g_assert(type->parent_type != NULL); } return type->parent_type; } static bool type_has_parent(TypeImpl *type) { return (type->parent != NULL); } static size_t type_class_get_size(TypeImpl *ti) { if (ti->class_size) { return ti->class_size; } if (type_has_parent(ti)) { return type_class_get_size(type_get_parent(ti)); } return sizeof(ObjectClass); } static size_t type_object_get_size(TypeImpl *ti) { if (ti->instance_size) { return ti->instance_size; } if (type_has_parent(ti)) { return type_object_get_size(type_get_parent(ti)); } return 0; } static bool type_is_ancestor(TypeImpl *type, TypeImpl *target_type) { assert(target_type); /* Check if typename is a direct ancestor of type */ while (type) { if (type == target_type) { return true; } type = type_get_parent(type); } return false; } static void type_initialize(TypeImpl *ti); static void type_initialize_interface(TypeImpl *ti, const char *parent) { InterfaceClass *new_iface; TypeInfo info = { }; TypeImpl *iface_impl; info.parent = parent; info.name = g_strdup_printf("%s::%s", ti->name, info.parent); info.abstract = true; iface_impl = type_register(&info); type_initialize(iface_impl); g_free((char *)info.name); new_iface = (InterfaceClass *)iface_impl->class; new_iface->concrete_class = ti->class; ti->class->interfaces = g_slist_append(ti->class->interfaces, iface_impl->class); } static void type_initialize(TypeImpl *ti) { TypeImpl *parent; if (ti->class) { return; } ti->class_size = type_class_get_size(ti); ti->instance_size = type_object_get_size(ti); ti->class = g_malloc0(ti->class_size); parent = type_get_parent(ti); if (parent) { type_initialize(parent); GSList *e; int i; g_assert(parent->class_size <= ti->class_size); memcpy(ti->class, parent->class, parent->class_size); for (e = parent->class->interfaces; e; e = e->next) { ObjectClass *iface = e->data; type_initialize_interface(ti, object_class_get_name(iface)); } for (i = 0; i < ti->num_interfaces; i++) { TypeImpl *t = type_get_by_name(ti->interfaces[i].typename); for (e = ti->class->interfaces; e; e = e->next) { TypeImpl *target_type = OBJECT_CLASS(e->data)->type; if (type_is_ancestor(target_type, t)) { break; } } if (e) { continue; } type_initialize_interface(ti, ti->interfaces[i].typename); } } ti->class->type = ti; while (parent) { if (parent->class_base_init) { parent->class_base_init(ti->class, ti->class_data); } parent = type_get_parent(parent); } if (ti->class_init) { ti->class_init(ti->class, ti->class_data); } } static void object_init_with_type(Object *obj, TypeImpl *ti) { if (type_has_parent(ti)) { object_init_with_type(obj, type_get_parent(ti)); } if (ti->instance_init) { ti->instance_init(obj); } } void object_initialize_with_type(void *data, TypeImpl *type) { Object *obj = data; g_assert(type != NULL); type_initialize(type); g_assert(type->instance_size >= sizeof(Object)); g_assert(type->abstract == false); memset(obj, 0, type->instance_size); obj->class = type->class; object_ref(obj); QTAILQ_INIT(&obj->properties); object_init_with_type(obj, type); } void object_initialize(void *data, const char *typename) { TypeImpl *type = type_get_by_name(typename); object_initialize_with_type(data, type); } static inline bool object_property_is_child(ObjectProperty *prop) { return strstart(prop->type, "child<", NULL); } static inline bool object_property_is_link(ObjectProperty *prop) { return strstart(prop->type, "link<", NULL); } static void object_property_del_all(Object *obj) { while (!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&obj->properties)) { ObjectProperty *prop = QTAILQ_FIRST(&obj->properties); QTAILQ_REMOVE(&obj->properties, prop, node); if (prop->release) { prop->release(obj, prop->name, prop->opaque); } g_free(prop->name); g_free(prop->type); g_free(prop); } } static void object_property_del_child(Object *obj, Object *child, Error **errp) { ObjectProperty *prop; QTAILQ_FOREACH(prop, &obj->properties, node) { if (object_property_is_child(prop) && prop->opaque == child) { object_property_del(obj, prop->name, errp); break; } } } void object_unparent(Object *obj) { if (obj->parent) { object_property_del_child(obj->parent, obj, NULL); } if (obj->class->unparent) { (obj->class->unparent)(obj); } } static void object_deinit(Object *obj, TypeImpl *type) { if (type->instance_finalize) { type->instance_finalize(obj); } if (type_has_parent(type)) { object_deinit(obj, type_get_parent(type)); } } static void object_finalize(void *data) { Object *obj = data; TypeImpl *ti = obj->class->type; object_deinit(obj, ti); object_property_del_all(obj); g_assert(obj->ref == 0); if (obj->free) { obj->free(obj); } } Object *object_new_with_type(Type type) { Object *obj; g_assert(type != NULL); type_initialize(type); obj = g_malloc(type->instance_size); object_initialize_with_type(obj, type); obj->free = g_free; return obj; } Object *object_new(const char *typename) { TypeImpl *ti = type_get_by_name(typename); return object_new_with_type(ti); } void object_delete(Object *obj) { object_unparent(obj); g_assert(obj->ref == 1); object_unref(obj); } Object *object_dynamic_cast(Object *obj, const char *typename) { if (obj && object_class_dynamic_cast(object_get_class(obj), typename)) { return obj; } return NULL; } Object *object_dynamic_cast_assert(Object *obj, const char *typename) { Object *inst; inst = object_dynamic_cast(obj, typename); if (!inst && obj) { fprintf(stderr, "Object %p is not an instance of type %s\n", obj, typename); abort(); } return inst; } ObjectClass *object_class_dynamic_cast(ObjectClass *class, const char *typename) { TypeImpl *target_type = type_get_by_name(typename); TypeImpl *type = class->type; ObjectClass *ret = NULL; if (type->num_interfaces && type_is_ancestor(target_type, type_interface)) { int found = 0; GSList *i; for (i = class->interfaces; i; i = i->next) { ObjectClass *target_class = i->data; if (type_is_ancestor(target_class->type, target_type)) { ret = target_class; found++; } } /* The match was ambiguous, don't allow a cast */ if (found > 1) { ret = NULL; } } else if (type_is_ancestor(type, target_type)) { ret = class; } return ret; } ObjectClass *object_class_dynamic_cast_assert(ObjectClass *class, const char *typename) { ObjectClass *ret = object_class_dynamic_cast(class, typename); if (!ret) { fprintf(stderr, "Object %p is not an instance of type %s\n", class, typename); abort(); } return ret; } const char *object_get_typename(Object *obj) { return obj->class->type->name; } ObjectClass *object_get_class(Object *obj) { return obj->class; } const char *object_class_get_name(ObjectClass *klass) { return klass->type->name; } ObjectClass *object_class_by_name(const char *typename) { TypeImpl *type = type_get_by_name(typename); if (!type) { return NULL; } type_initialize(type); return type->class; } ObjectClass *object_class_get_parent(ObjectClass *class) { TypeImpl *type = type_get_parent(class->type); if (!type) { return NULL; } type_initialize(type); return type->class; } typedef struct OCFData { void (*fn)(ObjectClass *klass, void *opaque); const char *implements_type; bool include_abstract; void *opaque; } OCFData; static void object_class_foreach_tramp(gpointer key, gpointer value, gpointer opaque) { OCFData *data = opaque; TypeImpl *type = value; ObjectClass *k; type_initialize(type); k = type->class; if (!data->include_abstract && type->abstract) { return; } if (data->implements_type && !object_class_dynamic_cast(k, data->implements_type)) { return; } data->fn(k, data->opaque); } void object_class_foreach(void (*fn)(ObjectClass *klass, void *opaque), const char *implements_type, bool include_abstract, void *opaque) { OCFData data = { fn, implements_type, include_abstract, opaque }; g_hash_table_foreach(type_table_get(), object_class_foreach_tramp, &data); } int object_child_foreach(Object *obj, int (*fn)(Object *child, void *opaque), void *opaque) { ObjectProperty *prop; int ret = 0; QTAILQ_FOREACH(prop, &obj->properties, node) { if (object_property_is_child(prop)) { ret = fn(prop->opaque, opaque); if (ret != 0) { break; } } } return ret; } static void object_class_get_list_tramp(ObjectClass *klass, void *opaque) { GSList **list = opaque; *list = g_slist_prepend(*list, klass); } GSList *object_class_get_list(const char *implements_type, bool include_abstract) { GSList *list = NULL; object_class_foreach(object_class_get_list_tramp, implements_type, include_abstract, &list); return list; } void object_ref(Object *obj) { obj->ref++; } void object_unref(Object *obj) { g_assert(obj->ref > 0); obj->ref--; /* parent always holds a reference to its children */ if (obj->ref == 0) { object_finalize(obj); } } void object_property_add(Object *obj, const char *name, const char *type, ObjectPropertyAccessor *get, ObjectPropertyAccessor *set, ObjectPropertyRelease *release, void *opaque, Error **errp) { ObjectProperty *prop = g_malloc0(sizeof(*prop)); prop->name = g_strdup(name); prop->type = g_strdup(type); prop->get = get; prop->set = set; prop->release = release; prop->opaque = opaque; QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&obj->properties, prop, node); } ObjectProperty *object_property_find(Object *obj, const char *name, Error **errp) { ObjectProperty *prop; QTAILQ_FOREACH(prop, &obj->properties, node) { if (strcmp(prop->name, name) == 0) { return prop; } } error_set(errp, QERR_PROPERTY_NOT_FOUND, "", name); return NULL; } void object_property_del(Object *obj, const char *name, Error **errp) { ObjectProperty *prop = object_property_find(obj, name, errp); if (prop == NULL) { return; } if (prop->release) { prop->release(obj, name, prop->opaque); } QTAILQ_REMOVE(&obj->properties, prop, node); g_free(prop->name); g_free(prop->type); g_free(prop); } void object_property_get(Object *obj, Visitor *v, const char *name, Error **errp) { ObjectProperty *prop = object_property_find(obj, name, errp); if (prop == NULL) { return; } if (!prop->get) { error_set(errp, QERR_PERMISSION_DENIED); } else { prop->get(obj, v, prop->opaque, name, errp); } } void object_property_set(Object *obj, Visitor *v, const char *name, Error **errp) { ObjectProperty *prop = object_property_find(obj, name, errp); if (prop == NULL) { return; } if (!prop->set) { error_set(errp, QERR_PERMISSION_DENIED); } else { prop->set(obj, v, prop->opaque, name, errp); } } void object_property_set_str(Object *obj, const char *value, const char *name, Error **errp) { QString *qstr = qstring_from_str(value); object_property_set_qobject(obj, QOBJECT(qstr), name, errp); QDECREF(qstr); } char *object_property_get_str(Object *obj, const char *name, Error **errp) { QObject *ret = object_property_get_qobject(obj, name, errp); QString *qstring; char *retval; if (!ret) { return NULL; } qstring = qobject_to_qstring(ret); if (!qstring) { error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_TYPE, name, "string"); retval = NULL; } else { retval = g_strdup(qstring_get_str(qstring)); } QDECREF(qstring); return retval; } void object_property_set_link(Object *obj, Object *value, const char *name, Error **errp) { object_property_set_str(obj, object_get_canonical_path(value), name, errp); } Object *object_property_get_link(Object *obj, const char *name, Error **errp) { char *str = object_property_get_str(obj, name, errp); Object *target = NULL; if (str && *str) { target = object_resolve_path(str, NULL); if (!target) { error_set(errp, QERR_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND, str); } } g_free(str); return target; } void object_property_set_bool(Object *obj, bool value, const char *name, Error **errp) { QBool *qbool = qbool_from_int(value); object_property_set_qobject(obj, QOBJECT(qbool), name, errp); QDECREF(qbool); } bool object_property_get_bool(Object *obj, const char *name, Error **errp) { QObject *ret = object_property_get_qobject(obj, name, errp); QBool *qbool; bool retval; if (!ret) { return false; } qbool = qobject_to_qbool(ret); if (!qbool) { error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_TYPE, name, "boolean"); retval = false; } else { retval = qbool_get_int(qbool); } QDECREF(qbool); return retval; } void object_property_set_int(Object *obj, int64_t value, const char *name, Error **errp) { QInt *qint = qint_from_int(value); object_property_set_qobject(obj, QOBJECT(qint), name, errp); QDECREF(qint); } int64_t object_property_get_int(Object *obj, const char *name, Error **errp) { QObject *ret = object_property_get_qobject(obj, name, errp); QInt *qint; int64_t retval; if (!ret) { return -1; } qint = qobject_to_qint(ret); if (!qint) { error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_TYPE, name, "int"); retval = -1; } else { retval = qint_get_int(qint); } QDECREF(qint); return retval; } void object_property_parse(Object *obj, const char *string, const char *name, Error **errp) { StringInputVisitor *mi; mi = string_input_visitor_new(string); object_property_set(obj, string_input_get_visitor(mi), name, errp); string_input_visitor_cleanup(mi); } char *object_property_print(Object *obj, const char *name, Error **errp) { StringOutputVisitor *mo; char *string; mo = string_output_visitor_new(); object_property_get(obj, string_output_get_visitor(mo), name, errp); string = string_output_get_string(mo); string_output_visitor_cleanup(mo); return string; } const char *object_property_get_type(Object *obj, const char *name, Error **errp) { ObjectProperty *prop = object_property_find(obj, name, errp); if (prop == NULL) { return NULL; } return prop->type; } Object *object_get_root(void) { static Object *root; if (!root) { root = object_new("container"); } return root; } static void object_get_child_property(Object *obj, Visitor *v, void *opaque, const char *name, Error **errp) { Object *child = opaque; gchar *path; path = object_get_canonical_path(child); visit_type_str(v, &path, name, errp); g_free(path); } static void object_finalize_child_property(Object *obj, const char *name, void *opaque) { Object *child = opaque; object_unref(child); } void object_property_add_child(Object *obj, const char *name, Object *child, Error **errp) { gchar *type; type = g_strdup_printf("child<%s>", object_get_typename(OBJECT(child))); object_property_add(obj, name, type, object_get_child_property, NULL, object_finalize_child_property, child, errp); object_ref(child); g_assert(child->parent == NULL); child->parent = obj; g_free(type); } static void object_get_link_property(Object *obj, Visitor *v, void *opaque, const char *name, Error **errp) { Object **child = opaque; gchar *path; if (*child) { path = object_get_canonical_path(*child); visit_type_str(v, &path, name, errp); g_free(path); } else { path = (gchar *)""; visit_type_str(v, &path, name, errp); } } static void object_set_link_property(Object *obj, Visitor *v, void *opaque, const char *name, Error **errp) { Object **child = opaque; Object *old_target; bool ambiguous = false; const char *type; char *path; gchar *target_type; type = object_property_get_type(obj, name, NULL); visit_type_str(v, &path, name, errp); old_target = *child; *child = NULL; if (strcmp(path, "") != 0) { Object *target; /* Go from link to FOO. */ target_type = g_strndup(&type[5], strlen(type) - 6); target = object_resolve_path_type(path, target_type, &ambiguous); if (ambiguous) { error_set(errp, QERR_AMBIGUOUS_PATH, path); } else if (target) { object_ref(target); *child = target; } else { target = object_resolve_path(path, &ambiguous); if (target || ambiguous) { error_set(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_TYPE, name, target_type); } else { error_set(errp, QERR_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND, path); } } g_free(target_type); } g_free(path); if (old_target != NULL) { object_unref(old_target); } } void object_property_add_link(Object *obj, const char *name, const char *type, Object **child, Error **errp) { gchar *full_type; full_type = g_strdup_printf("link<%s>", type); object_property_add(obj, name, full_type, object_get_link_property, object_set_link_property, NULL, child, errp); g_free(full_type); } gchar *object_get_canonical_path(Object *obj) { Object *root = object_get_root(); char *newpath = NULL, *path = NULL; while (obj != root) { ObjectProperty *prop = NULL; g_assert(obj->parent != NULL); QTAILQ_FOREACH(prop, &obj->parent->properties, node) { if (!object_property_is_child(prop)) { continue; } if (prop->opaque == obj) { if (path) { newpath = g_strdup_printf("%s/%s", prop->name, path); g_free(path); path = newpath; } else { path = g_strdup(prop->name); } break; } } g_assert(prop != NULL); obj = obj->parent; } newpath = g_strdup_printf("/%s", path); g_free(path); return newpath; } Object *object_resolve_path_component(Object *parent, const gchar *part) { ObjectProperty *prop = object_property_find(parent, part, NULL); if (prop == NULL) { return NULL; } if (object_property_is_link(prop)) { return *(Object **)prop->opaque; } else if (object_property_is_child(prop)) { return prop->opaque; } else { return NULL; } } static Object *object_resolve_abs_path(Object *parent, gchar **parts, const char *typename, int index) { Object *child; if (parts[index] == NULL) { return object_dynamic_cast(parent, typename); } if (strcmp(parts[index], "") == 0) { return object_resolve_abs_path(parent, parts, typename, index + 1); } child = object_resolve_path_component(parent, parts[index]); if (!child) { return NULL; } return object_resolve_abs_path(child, parts, typename, index + 1); } static Object *object_resolve_partial_path(Object *parent, gchar **parts, const char *typename, bool *ambiguous) { Object *obj; ObjectProperty *prop; obj = object_resolve_abs_path(parent, parts, typename, 0); QTAILQ_FOREACH(prop, &parent->properties, node) { Object *found; if (!object_property_is_child(prop)) { continue; } found = object_resolve_partial_path(prop->opaque, parts, typename, ambiguous); if (found) { if (obj) { if (ambiguous) { *ambiguous = true; } return NULL; } obj = found; } if (ambiguous && *ambiguous) { return NULL; } } return obj; } Object *object_resolve_path_type(const char *path, const char *typename, bool *ambiguous) { bool partial_path = true; Object *obj; gchar **parts; parts = g_strsplit(path, "/", 0); if (parts == NULL || parts[0] == NULL) { g_strfreev(parts); return object_get_root(); } if (strcmp(parts[0], "") == 0) { partial_path = false; } if (partial_path) { if (ambiguous) { *ambiguous = false; } obj = object_resolve_partial_path(object_get_root(), parts, typename, ambiguous); } else { obj = object_resolve_abs_path(object_get_root(), parts, typename, 1); } g_strfreev(parts); return obj; } Object *object_resolve_path(const char *path, bool *ambiguous) { return object_resolve_path_type(path, TYPE_OBJECT, ambiguous); } typedef struct StringProperty { char *(*get)(Object *, Error **); void (*set)(Object *, const char *, Error **); } StringProperty; static void property_get_str(Object *obj, Visitor *v, void *opaque, const char *name, Error **errp) { StringProperty *prop = opaque; char *value; value = prop->get(obj, errp); if (value) { visit_type_str(v, &value, name, errp); g_free(value); } } static void property_set_str(Object *obj, Visitor *v, void *opaque, const char *name, Error **errp) { StringProperty *prop = opaque; char *value; Error *local_err = NULL; visit_type_str(v, &value, name, &local_err); if (local_err) { error_propagate(errp, local_err); return; } prop->set(obj, value, errp); g_free(value); } static void property_release_str(Object *obj, const char *name, void *opaque) { StringProperty *prop = opaque; g_free(prop); } void object_property_add_str(Object *obj, const char *name, char *(*get)(Object *, Error **), void (*set)(Object *, const char *, Error **), Error **errp) { StringProperty *prop = g_malloc0(sizeof(*prop)); prop->get = get; prop->set = set; object_property_add(obj, name, "string", get ? property_get_str : NULL, set ? property_set_str : NULL, property_release_str, prop, errp); } typedef struct BoolProperty { bool (*get)(Object *, Error **); void (*set)(Object *, bool, Error **); } BoolProperty; static void property_get_bool(Object *obj, Visitor *v, void *opaque, const char *name, Error **errp) { BoolProperty *prop = opaque; bool value; value = prop->get(obj, errp); visit_type_bool(v, &value, name, errp); } static void property_set_bool(Object *obj, Visitor *v, void *opaque, const char *name, Error **errp) { BoolProperty *prop = opaque; bool value; Error *local_err = NULL; visit_type_bool(v, &value, name, &local_err); if (local_err) { error_propagate(errp, local_err); return; } prop->set(obj, value, errp); } static void property_release_bool(Object *obj, const char *name, void *opaque) { BoolProperty *prop = opaque; g_free(prop); } void object_property_add_bool(Object *obj, const char *name, bool (*get)(Object *, Error **), void (*set)(Object *, bool, Error **), Error **errp) { BoolProperty *prop = g_malloc0(sizeof(*prop)); prop->get = get; prop->set = set; object_property_add(obj, name, "bool", get ? property_get_bool : NULL, set ? property_set_bool : NULL, property_release_bool, prop, errp); } static char *qdev_get_type(Object *obj, Error **errp) { return g_strdup(object_get_typename(obj)); } static void object_instance_init(Object *obj) { object_property_add_str(obj, "type", qdev_get_type, NULL, NULL); } static void register_types(void) { static TypeInfo interface_info = { .name = TYPE_INTERFACE, .class_size = sizeof(InterfaceClass), .abstract = true, }; static TypeInfo object_info = { .name = TYPE_OBJECT, .instance_size = sizeof(Object), .instance_init = object_instance_init, .abstract = true, }; type_interface = type_register_internal(&interface_info); type_register_internal(&object_info); } type_init(register_types)