aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/drivers/misc/vmware_balloon.c
blob: 2a1e804a71aa2466199119f2206133fdb409d932 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
/*
 * VMware Balloon driver.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2000-2010, VMware, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
 * Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License and no later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, GOOD TITLE or
 * NON INFRINGEMENT.  See the GNU General Public License for more
 * details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Maintained by: Dmitry Torokhov <dtor@vmware.com>
 */

/*
 * This is VMware physical memory management driver for Linux. The driver
 * acts like a "balloon" that can be inflated to reclaim physical pages by
 * reserving them in the guest and invalidating them in the monitor,
 * freeing up the underlying machine pages so they can be allocated to
 * other guests.  The balloon can also be deflated to allow the guest to
 * use more physical memory. Higher level policies can control the sizes
 * of balloons in VMs in order to manage physical memory resources.
 */

//#define DEBUG
#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt

#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/workqueue.h>
#include <linux/debugfs.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <asm/hypervisor.h>

MODULE_AUTHOR("VMware, Inc.");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("VMware Memory Control (Balloon) Driver");
MODULE_VERSION("1.2.1.1-k");
MODULE_ALIAS("dmi:*:svnVMware*:*");
MODULE_ALIAS("vmware_vmmemctl");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

/*
 * Various constants controlling rate of inflaint/deflating balloon,
 * measured in pages.
 */

/*
 * Rate of allocating memory when there is no memory pressure
 * (driver performs non-sleeping allocations).
 */
#define VMW_BALLOON_NOSLEEP_ALLOC_MAX	16384U

/*
 * Rates of memory allocaton when guest experiences memory pressure
 * (driver performs sleeping allocations).
 */
#define VMW_BALLOON_RATE_ALLOC_MIN	512U
#define VMW_BALLOON_RATE_ALLOC_MAX	2048U
#define VMW_BALLOON_RATE_ALLOC_INC	16U

/*
 * Rates for releasing pages while deflating balloon.
 */
#define VMW_BALLOON_RATE_FREE_MIN	512U
#define VMW_BALLOON_RATE_FREE_MAX	16384U
#define VMW_BALLOON_RATE_FREE_INC	16U

/*
 * When guest is under memory pressure, use a reduced page allocation
 * rate for next several cycles.
 */
#define VMW_BALLOON_SLOW_CYCLES		4

/*
 * Use __GFP_HIGHMEM to allow pages from HIGHMEM zone. We don't
 * allow wait (__GFP_WAIT) for NOSLEEP page allocations. Use
 * __GFP_NOWARN, to suppress page allocation failure warnings.
 */
#define VMW_PAGE_ALLOC_NOSLEEP		(__GFP_HIGHMEM|__GFP_NOWARN)

/*
 * Use GFP_HIGHUSER when executing in a separate kernel thread
 * context and allocation can sleep.  This is less stressful to
 * the guest memory system, since it allows the thread to block
 * while memory is reclaimed, and won't take pages from emergency
 * low-memory pools.
 */
#define VMW_PAGE_ALLOC_CANSLEEP		(GFP_HIGHUSER)

/* Maximum number of page allocations without yielding processor */
#define VMW_BALLOON_YIELD_THRESHOLD	1024

/* Maximum number of refused pages we accumulate during inflation cycle */
#define VMW_BALLOON_MAX_REFUSED		16

/*
 * Hypervisor communication port definitions.
 */
#define VMW_BALLOON_HV_PORT		0x5670
#define VMW_BALLOON_HV_MAGIC		0x456c6d6f
#define VMW_BALLOON_PROTOCOL_VERSION	2
#define VMW_BALLOON_GUEST_ID		1	/* Linux */

#define VMW_BALLOON_CMD_START		0
#define VMW_BALLOON_CMD_GET_TARGET	1
#define VMW_BALLOON_CMD_LOCK		2
#define VMW_BALLOON_CMD_UNLOCK		3
#define VMW_BALLOON_CMD_GUEST_ID	4

/* error codes */
#define VMW_BALLOON_SUCCESS		0
#define VMW_BALLOON_FAILURE		-1
#define VMW_BALLOON_ERROR_CMD_INVALID	1
#define VMW_BALLOON_ERROR_PPN_INVALID	2
#define VMW_BALLOON_ERROR_PPN_LOCKED	3
#define VMW_BALLOON_ERROR_PPN_UNLOCKED	4
#define VMW_BALLOON_ERROR_PPN_PINNED	5
#define VMW_BALLOON_ERROR_PPN_NOTNEEDED	6
#define VMW_BALLOON_ERROR_RESET		7
#define VMW_BALLOON_ERROR_BUSY		8

#define VMWARE_BALLOON_CMD(cmd, data, result)		\
({							\
	unsigned long __stat, __dummy1, __dummy2;	\
	__asm__ __volatile__ ("inl (%%dx)" :		\
		"=a"(__stat),				\
		"=c"(__dummy1),				\
		"=d"(__dummy2),				\
		"=b"(result) :				\
		"0"(VMW_BALLOON_HV_MAGIC),		\
		"1"(VMW_BALLOON_CMD_##cmd),		\
		"2"(VMW_BALLOON_HV_PORT),		\
		"3"(data) :				\
		"memory");				\
	result &= -1UL;					\
	__stat & -1UL;					\
})

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_FS
struct vmballoon_stats {
	unsigned int timer;

	/* allocation statustics */
	unsigned int alloc;
	unsigned int alloc_fail;
	unsigned int sleep_alloc;
	unsigned int sleep_alloc_fail;
	unsigned int refused_alloc;
	unsigned int refused_free;
	unsigned int free;

	/* monitor operations */
	unsigned int lock;
	unsigned int lock_fail;
	unsigned int unlock;
	unsigned int unlock_fail;
	unsigned int target;
	unsigned int target_fail;
	unsigned int start;
	unsigned int start_fail;
	unsigned int guest_type;
	unsigned int guest_type_fail;
};

#define STATS_INC(stat) (stat)++
#else
#define STATS_INC(stat)
#endif

struct vmballoon {

	/* list of reserved physical pages */
	struct list_head pages;

	/* transient list of non-balloonable pages */
	struct list_head refused_pages;
	unsigned int n_refused_pages;

	/* balloon size in pages */
	unsigned int size;
	unsigned int target;

	/* reset flag */
	bool reset_required;

	/* adjustment rates (pages per second) */
	unsigned int rate_alloc;
	unsigned int rate_free;

	/* slowdown page allocations for next few cycles */
	unsigned int slow_allocation_cycles;

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_FS
	/* statistics */
	struct vmballoon_stats stats;

	/* debugfs file exporting statistics */
	struct dentry *dbg_entry;
#endif

	struct sysinfo sysinfo;

	struct delayed_work dwork;
};

static struct vmballoon balloon;
static struct workqueue_struct *vmballoon_wq;

/*
 * Send "start" command to the host, communicating supported version
 * of the protocol.
 */
static bool vmballoon_send_start(struct vmballoon *b)
{
	unsigned long status, dummy;

	STATS_INC(b->stats.start);

	status = VMWARE_BALLOON_CMD(START, VMW_BALLOON_PROTOCOL_VERSION, dummy);
	if (status == VMW_BALLOON_SUCCESS)
		return true;

	pr_debug("%s - failed, hv returns %ld\n", __func__, status);
	STATS_INC(b->stats.start_fail);
	return false;
}

static bool vmballoon_check_status(struct vmballoon *b, unsigned long status)
{
	switch (status) {
	case VMW_BALLOON_SUCCESS:
		return true;

	case VMW_BALLOON_ERROR_RESET:
		b->reset_required = true;
		/* fall through */

	default:
		return false;
	}
}

/*
 * Communicate guest type to the host so that it can adjust ballooning
 * algorithm to the one most appropriate for the guest. This command
 * is normally issued after sending "start" command and is part of
 * standard reset sequence.
 */
static bool vmballoon_send_guest_id(struct vmballoon *b)
{
	unsigned long status, dummy;

	status = VMWARE_BALLOON_CMD(GUEST_ID, VMW_BALLOON_GUEST_ID, dummy);

	STATS_INC(b->stats.guest_type);

	if (vmballoon_check_status(b, status))
		return true;

	pr_debug("%s - failed, hv returns %ld\n", __func__, status);
	STATS_INC(b->stats.guest_type_fail);
	return false;
}

/*
 * Retrieve desired balloon size from the host.
 */
static bool vmballoon_send_get_target(struct vmballoon *b, u32 *new_target)
{
	unsigned long status;
	unsigned long target;
	unsigned long limit;
	u32 limit32;

	/*
	 * si_meminfo() is cheap. Moreover, we want to provide dynamic
	 * max balloon size later. So let us call si_meminfo() every
	 * iteration.
	 */
	si_meminfo(&b->sysinfo);
	limit = b->sysinfo.totalram;

	/* Ensure limit fits in 32-bits */
	limit32 = (u32)limit;
	if (limit != limit32)
		return false;

	/* update stats */
	STATS_INC(b->stats.target);

	status = VMWARE_BALLOON_CMD(GET_TARGET, limit, target);
	if (vmballoon_check_status(b, status)) {
		*new_target = target;
		return true;
	}

	pr_debug("%s - failed, hv returns %ld\n", __func__, status);
	STATS_INC(b->stats.target_fail);
	return false;
}

/*
 * Notify the host about allocated page so that host can use it without
 * fear that guest will need it. Host may reject some pages, we need to
 * check the return value and maybe submit a different page.
 */
static bool vmballoon_send_lock_page(struct vmballoon *b, unsigned long pfn)
{
	unsigned long status, dummy;
	u32 pfn32;

	pfn32 = (u32)pfn;
	if (pfn32 != pfn)
		return false;

	STATS_INC(b->stats.lock);

	status = VMWARE_BALLOON_CMD(LOCK, pfn, dummy);
	if (vmballoon_check_status(b, status))
		return true;

	pr_debug("%s - ppn %lx, hv returns %ld\n", __func__, pfn, status);
	STATS_INC(b->stats.lock_fail);
	return false;
}

/*
 * Notify the host that guest intends to release given page back into
 * the pool of available (to the guest) pages.
 */
static bool vmballoon_send_unlock_page(struct vmballoon *b, unsigned long pfn)
{
	unsigned long status, dummy;
	u32 pfn32;

	pfn32 = (u32)pfn;
	if (pfn32 != pfn)
		return false;

	STATS_INC(b->stats.unlock);

	status = VMWARE_BALLOON_CMD(UNLOCK, pfn, dummy);
	if (vmballoon_check_status(b, status))
		return true;

	pr_debug("%s - ppn %lx, hv returns %ld\n", __func__, pfn, status);
	STATS_INC(b->stats.unlock_fail);
	return false;
}

/*
 * Quickly release all pages allocated for the balloon. This function is
 * called when host decides to "reset" balloon for one reason or another.
 * Unlike normal "deflate" we do not (shall not) notify host of the pages
 * being released.
 */
static void vmballoon_pop(struct vmballoon *b)
{
	struct page *page, *next;
	unsigned int count = 0;

	list_for_each_entry_safe(page, next, &b->pages, lru) {
		list_del(&page->lru);
		__free_page(page);
		STATS_INC(b->stats.free);
		b->size--;

		if (++count >= b->rate_free) {
			count = 0;
			cond_resched();
		}
	}
}

/*
 * Perform standard reset sequence by popping the balloon (in case it
 * is not  empty) and then restarting protocol. This operation normally
 * happens when host responds with VMW_BALLOON_ERROR_RESET to a command.
 */
static void vmballoon_reset(struct vmballoon *b)
{
	/* free all pages, skipping monitor unlock */
	vmballoon_pop(b);

	if (vmballoon_send_start(b)) {
		b->reset_required = false;
		if (!vmballoon_send_guest_id(b))
			pr_err("failed to send guest ID to the host\n");
	}
}

/*
 * Allocate (or reserve) a page for the balloon and notify the host.  If host
 * refuses the page put it on "refuse" list and allocate another one until host
 * is satisfied. "Refused" pages are released at the end of inflation cycle
 * (when we allocate b->rate_alloc pages).
 */
static int vmballoon_reserve_page(struct vmballoon *b, bool can_sleep)
{
	struct page *page;
	gfp_t flags;
	bool locked = false;

	do {
		if (!can_sleep)
			STATS_INC(b->stats.alloc);
		else
			STATS_INC(b->stats.sleep_alloc);

		flags = can_sleep ? VMW_PAGE_ALLOC_CANSLEEP : VMW_PAGE_ALLOC_NOSLEEP;
		page = alloc_page(flags);
		if (!page) {
			if (!can_sleep)
				STATS_INC(b->stats.alloc_fail);
			else
				STATS_INC(b->stats.sleep_alloc_fail);
			return -ENOMEM;
		}

		/* inform monitor */
		locked = vmballoon_send_lock_page(b, page_to_pfn(page));
		if (!locked) {
			STATS_INC(b->stats.refused_alloc);

			if (b->reset_required) {
				__free_page(page);
				return -EIO;
			}

			/*
			 * Place page on the list of non-balloonable pages
			 * and retry allocation, unless we already accumulated
			 * too many of them, in which case take a breather.
			 */
			list_add(&page->lru, &b->refused_pages);
			if (++b->n_refused_pages >= VMW_BALLOON_MAX_REFUSED)
				return -EIO;
		}
	} while (!locked);

	/* track allocated page */
	list_add(&page->lru, &b->pages);

	/* update balloon size */
	b->size++;

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Release the page allocated for the balloon. Note that we first notify
 * the host so it can make sure the page will be available for the guest
 * to use, if needed.
 */
static int vmballoon_release_page(struct vmballoon *b, struct page *page)
{
	if (!vmballoon_send_unlock_page(b, page_to_pfn(page)))
		return -EIO;

	list_del(&page->lru);

	/* deallocate page */
	__free_page(page);
	STATS_INC(b->stats.free);

	/* update balloon size */
	b->size--;

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Release pages that were allocated while attempting to inflate the
 * balloon but were refused by the host for one reason or another.
 */
static void vmballoon_release_refused_pages(struct vmballoon *b)
{
	struct page *page, *next;

	list_for_each_entry_safe(page, next, &b->refused_pages, lru) {
		list_del(&page->lru);
		__free_page(page);
		STATS_INC(b->stats.refused_free);
	}

	b->n_refused_pages = 0;
}

/*
 * Inflate the balloon towards its target size. Note that we try to limit
 * the rate of allocation to make sure we are not choking the rest of the
 * system.
 */
static void vmballoon_inflate(struct vmballoon *b)
{
	unsigned int goal;
	unsigned int rate;
	unsigned int i;
	unsigned int allocations = 0;
	int error = 0;
	bool alloc_can_sleep = false;

	pr_debug("%s - size: %d, target %d\n", __func__, b->size, b->target);

	/*
	 * First try NOSLEEP page allocations to inflate balloon.
	 *
	 * If we do not throttle nosleep allocations, we can drain all
	 * free pages in the guest quickly (if the balloon target is high).
	 * As a side-effect, draining free pages helps to inform (force)
	 * the guest to start swapping if balloon target is not met yet,
	 * which is a desired behavior. However, balloon driver can consume
	 * all available CPU cycles if too many pages are allocated in a
	 * second. Therefore, we throttle nosleep allocations even when
	 * the guest is not under memory pressure. OTOH, if we have already
	 * predicted that the guest is under memory pressure, then we
	 * slowdown page allocations considerably.
	 */

	goal = b->target - b->size;
	/*
	 * Start with no sleep allocation rate which may be higher
	 * than sleeping allocation rate.
	 */
	rate = b->slow_allocation_cycles ?
			b->rate_alloc : VMW_BALLOON_NOSLEEP_ALLOC_MAX;

	pr_debug("%s - goal: %d, no-sleep rate: %d, sleep rate: %d\n",
		 __func__, goal, rate, b->rate_alloc);

	for (i = 0; i < goal; i++) {

		error = vmballoon_reserve_page(b, alloc_can_sleep);
		if (error) {
			if (error != -ENOMEM) {
				/*
				 * Not a page allocation failure, stop this
				 * cycle. Maybe we'll get new target from
				 * the host soon.
				 */
				break;
			}

			if (alloc_can_sleep) {
				/*
				 * CANSLEEP page allocation failed, so guest
				 * is under severe memory pressure. Quickly
				 * decrease allocation rate.
				 */
				b->rate_alloc = max(b->rate_alloc / 2,
						    VMW_BALLOON_RATE_ALLOC_MIN);
				break;
			}

			/*
			 * NOSLEEP page allocation failed, so the guest is
			 * under memory pressure. Let us slow down page
			 * allocations for next few cycles so that the guest
			 * gets out of memory pressure. Also, if we already
			 * allocated b->rate_alloc pages, let's pause,
			 * otherwise switch to sleeping allocations.
			 */
			b->slow_allocation_cycles = VMW_BALLOON_SLOW_CYCLES;

			if (i >= b->rate_alloc)
				break;

			alloc_can_sleep = true;
			/* Lower rate for sleeping allocations. */
			rate = b->rate_alloc;
		}

		if (++allocations > VMW_BALLOON_YIELD_THRESHOLD) {
			cond_resched();
			allocations = 0;
		}

		if (i >= rate) {
			/* We allocated enough pages, let's take a break. */
			break;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * We reached our goal without failures so try increasing
	 * allocation rate.
	 */
	if (error == 0 && i >= b->rate_alloc) {
		unsigned int mult = i / b->rate_alloc;

		b->rate_alloc =
			min(b->rate_alloc + mult * VMW_BALLOON_RATE_ALLOC_INC,
			    VMW_BALLOON_RATE_ALLOC_MAX);
	}

	vmballoon_release_refused_pages(b);
}

/*
 * Decrease the size of the balloon allowing guest to use more memory.
 */
static void vmballoon_deflate(struct vmballoon *b)
{
	struct page *page, *next;
	unsigned int i = 0;
	unsigned int goal;
	int error;

	pr_debug("%s - size: %d, target %d\n", __func__, b->size, b->target);

	/* limit deallocation rate */
	goal = min(b->size - b->target, b->rate_free);

	pr_debug("%s - goal: %d, rate: %d\n", __func__, goal, b->rate_free);

	/* free pages to reach target */
	list_for_each_entry_safe(page, next, &b->pages, lru) {
		error = vmballoon_release_page(b, page);
		if (error) {
			/* quickly decrease rate in case of error */
			b->rate_free = max(b->rate_free / 2,
					   VMW_BALLOON_RATE_FREE_MIN);
			return;
		}

		if (++i >= goal)
			break;
	}

	/* slowly increase rate if there were no errors */
	b->rate_free = min(b->rate_free + VMW_BALLOON_RATE_FREE_INC,
			   VMW_BALLOON_RATE_FREE_MAX);
}

/*
 * Balloon work function: reset protocol, if needed, get the new size and
 * adjust balloon as needed. Repeat in 1 sec.
 */
static void vmballoon_work(struct work_struct *work)
{
	struct delayed_work *dwork = to_delayed_work(work);
	struct vmballoon *b = container_of(dwork, struct vmballoon, dwork);
	unsigned int target;

	STATS_INC(b->stats.timer);

	if (b->reset_required)
		vmballoon_reset(b);

	if (b->slow_allocation_cycles > 0)
		b->slow_allocation_cycles--;

	if (vmballoon_send_get_target(b, &target)) {
		/* update target, adjust size */
		b->target = target;

		if (b->size < target)
			vmballoon_inflate(b);
		else if (b->size > target)
			vmballoon_deflate(b);
	}

	queue_delayed_work(vmballoon_wq, dwork, round_jiffies_relative(HZ));
}

/*
 * DEBUGFS Interface
 */
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_FS

static int vmballoon_debug_show(struct seq_file *f, void *offset)
{
	struct vmballoon *b = f->private;
	struct vmballoon_stats *stats = &b->stats;

	/* format size info */
	seq_printf(f,
		   "target:             %8d pages\n"
		   "current:            %8d pages\n",
		   b->target, b->size);

	/* format rate info */
	seq_printf(f,
		   "rateNoSleepAlloc:   %8d pages/sec\n"
		   "rateSleepAlloc:     %8d pages/sec\n"
		   "rateFree:           %8d pages/sec\n",
		   VMW_BALLOON_NOSLEEP_ALLOC_MAX,
		   b->rate_alloc, b->rate_free);

	seq_printf(f,
		   "\n"
		   "timer:              %8u\n"
		   "start:              %8u (%4u failed)\n"
		   "guestType:          %8u (%4u failed)\n"
		   "lock:               %8u (%4u failed)\n"
		   "unlock:             %8u (%4u failed)\n"
		   "target:             %8u (%4u failed)\n"
		   "primNoSleepAlloc:   %8u (%4u failed)\n"
		   "primCanSleepAlloc:  %8u (%4u failed)\n"
		   "primFree:           %8u\n"
		   "errAlloc:           %8u\n"
		   "errFree:            %8u\n",
		   stats->timer,
		   stats->start, stats->start_fail,
		   stats->guest_type, stats->guest_type_fail,
		   stats->lock,  stats->lock_fail,
		   stats->unlock, stats->unlock_fail,
		   stats->target, stats->target_fail,
		   stats->alloc, stats->alloc_fail,
		   stats->sleep_alloc, stats->sleep_alloc_fail,
		   stats->free,
		   stats->refused_alloc, stats->refused_free);

	return 0;
}

static int vmballoon_debug_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
	return single_open(file, vmballoon_debug_show, inode->i_private);
}

static const struct file_operations vmballoon_debug_fops = {
	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
	.open		= vmballoon_debug_open,
	.read		= seq_read,
	.llseek		= seq_lseek,
	.release	= single_release,
};

static int __init vmballoon_debugfs_init(struct vmballoon *b)
{
	int error;

	b->dbg_entry = debugfs_create_file("vmmemctl", S_IRUGO, NULL, b,
					   &vmballoon_debug_fops);
	if (IS_ERR(b->dbg_entry)) {
		error = PTR_ERR(b->dbg_entry);
		pr_err("failed to create debugfs entry, error: %d\n", error);
		return error;
	}

	return 0;
}

static void __exit vmballoon_debugfs_exit(struct vmballoon *b)
{
	debugfs_remove(b->dbg_entry);
}

#else

static inline int vmballoon_debugfs_init(struct vmballoon *b)
{
	return 0;
}

static inline void vmballoon_debugfs_exit(struct vmballoon *b)
{
}

#endif	/* CONFIG_DEBUG_FS */

static int __init vmballoon_init(void)
{
	int error;

	/*
	 * Check if we are running on VMware's hypervisor and bail out
	 * if we are not.
	 */
	if (x86_hyper != &x86_hyper_vmware)
		return -ENODEV;

	vmballoon_wq = create_freezeable_workqueue("vmmemctl");
	if (!vmballoon_wq) {
		pr_err("failed to create workqueue\n");
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&balloon.pages);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&balloon.refused_pages);

	/* initialize rates */
	balloon.rate_alloc = VMW_BALLOON_RATE_ALLOC_MAX;
	balloon.rate_free = VMW_BALLOON_RATE_FREE_MAX;

	INIT_DELAYED_WORK(&balloon.dwork, vmballoon_work);

	/*
	 * Start balloon.
	 */
	if (!vmballoon_send_start(&balloon)) {
		pr_err("failed to send start command to the host\n");
		error = -EIO;
		goto fail;
	}

	if (!vmballoon_send_guest_id(&balloon)) {
		pr_err("failed to send guest ID to the host\n");
		error = -EIO;
		goto fail;
	}

	error = vmballoon_debugfs_init(&balloon);
	if (error)
		goto fail;

	queue_delayed_work(vmballoon_wq, &balloon.dwork, 0);

	return 0;

fail:
	destroy_workqueue(vmballoon_wq);
	return error;
}
module_init(vmballoon_init);

static void __exit vmballoon_exit(void)
{
	cancel_delayed_work_sync(&balloon.dwork);
	destroy_workqueue(vmballoon_wq);

	vmballoon_debugfs_exit(&balloon);

	/*
	 * Deallocate all reserved memory, and reset connection with monitor.
	 * Reset connection before deallocating memory to avoid potential for
	 * additional spurious resets from guest touching deallocated pages.
	 */
	vmballoon_send_start(&balloon);
	vmballoon_pop(&balloon);
}
module_exit(vmballoon_exit);